Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word envenenar
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Derivation
- First attested
- 1817 a private letter, spelt emvenenada More words from the 19th century
- Ultimate origin
- Latin venēnum
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
envenenar (first-person singular present enveneno, first-person singular preterite envenenei, past participle envenenado)[1]
Etymology
It is formed from Portuguese en- + veneno (“poison”) + -ar, a parasynthetic verb made from the noun with a prefix and a verbal ending at once.[2][1][3][4] Vieira (1871) and Figueiredo (1899) already analyse it the same way.[5][6]
The noun itself is from Latin venēnum (“potent herb; poison”), recorded from the 15th century.[7][8][1] De Vaan derives the Latin noun from Proto-Italic *wenes-no-, a derivative of venus (“desire, love”), so that it may first have meant a love potion.[9][10] Latin itself had a verb venēnō (“to bewitch, poison”).[9][1]
Wiktionary compares Spanish envenenar, Italian avvelenare and Romanian învenina.[1] DELPo compares French envenimer.[11]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first text record found is the participle emvenenada “poisoned” in a private letter of 1817 or earlier.[12] Houaiss dates the verb, the adjective envenenado and the noun envenenamento only from Morais's dictionary of 1858.[2][13]
Semantic evolution
Vieira (1871) gives the senses “to infect with poison” and “to kill with poison”, and figuratively “to misconstrue someone's words or deeds, to attribute bad intentions to them”.[5] The original Caldas Aulete quotes Castilho and Herculano for “to corrupt” and “to distort”.[14] Porto Editora adds “to set people against each other by intrigue” and “to make unbearable”.[15] The first edition of Aurélio (1975) records a motoring sense, “to modify an engine for better performance”, the English “to soup up”.[16][1]
Priberam gives empeçonhar as a synonym; that verb, made from peçonha, is recorded from the 13th century.[17][18]
Timeline
- 1817 – emvenenada in a private letter.[12]
- 1858 – the 6th edition of Morais lists envenenar, envenenado and envenenamento.[2][19]
- 1871 – Vieira analyses it as en- + veneno and records the figurative sense.[5]
- 1899 – Figueiredo adds “to pervert, to make harmful”.[6]
- 1975 – Aurélio records the motoring sense.[16]
Meanings
Verb
- To put or mix poison (veneno) in something: envenenar a comida.[2][4]
- To contaminate with poison or toxic substances: Os resíduos da fábrica envenenaram o rio.[2][15]
- To intoxicate;[2][1] (reflexive) to become intoxicated.[2][1]
- To poison someone, to give poison to kill;[2][1][20] (reflexive) to take poison.[2][1][20]
- (figurative) To corrupt, pervert or spoil: O ciúme envenenou a amizade deles.[4][3][1]
- (figurative) To twist the meaning of words or intentions.[4][20]
- (figurative) To set people against each other by intrigue.[15][3]
- (motoring, informal) To soup up an engine or car.[4][1]
Word family
- envenenado
- envenenamento
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ a b c Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 199
- ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. veneno
- ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. veneno
- ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenamento
- ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3663
- ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda (1975), Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, p. 562
- ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. envenenar
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. empeçonhar
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenado
- ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. envenenar
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Envenenar.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/envenenar. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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