Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word envenenar

Confidence
Established
Formation
Derivation
First attested
1817 a private letter, spelt emvenenada More words from the 19th century
Ultimate origin
Latin venēnum
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin venēnum
Italian veleno
Romanian venin
Portuguese veneno
Portuguese envenenar
From the same root
French poison ← venēnum
Latin venēficus ← venēnum
Latin venenatus ← venēnum
Latin venēnō ← venēnum
Latin venēnōsus ← venēnum
Romanian învenina ← venin
Romanian veninos ← venin

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /ẽ.ve.neˈna(ʁ)/, [ẽ.ve.neˈna(h)], /ĩ.ve.neˈna(ʁ)/[1]
  • São-Paulo: /ẽ.ve.neˈna(ɾ)/, /ĩ.ve.neˈna(ɾ)/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /ẽ.ve.neˈna(ʁ)/, [ẽ.ve.neˈna(χ)], /ĩ.ve.neˈna(ʁ)/[1]
  • Caipira: /ẽ.ve.neˈna(ɻ)/, /ĩ.ve.neˈna(ɻ)/[1]

Forms

envenenar (first-person singular present enveneno, first-person singular preterite envenenei, past participle envenenado)[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Portuguese en- + veneno (“poison”) + -ar, a parasynthetic verb made from the noun with a prefix and a verbal ending at once.[2][1][3][4] Vieira (1871) and Figueiredo (1899) already analyse it the same way.[5][6]

The noun itself is from Latin venēnum (“potent herb; poison”), recorded from the 15th century.[7][8][1] De Vaan derives the Latin noun from Proto-Italic *wenes-no-, a derivative of venus (“desire, love”), so that it may first have meant a love potion.[9][10] Latin itself had a verb venēnō (“to bewitch, poison”).[9][1]

Wiktionary compares Spanish envenenar, Italian avvelenare and Romanian învenina.[1] DELPo compares French envenimer.[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first text record found is the participle emvenenada “poisoned” in a private letter of 1817 or earlier.[12] Houaiss dates the verb, the adjective envenenado and the noun envenenamento only from Morais's dictionary of 1858.[2][13]

Semantic evolution

Vieira (1871) gives the senses “to infect with poison” and “to kill with poison”, and figuratively “to misconstrue someone's words or deeds, to attribute bad intentions to them”.[5] The original Caldas Aulete quotes Castilho and Herculano for “to corrupt” and “to distort”.[14] Porto Editora adds “to set people against each other by intrigue” and “to make unbearable”.[15] The first edition of Aurélio (1975) records a motoring sense, “to modify an engine for better performance”, the English “to soup up”.[16][1]

Priberam gives empeçonhar as a synonym; that verb, made from peçonha, is recorded from the 13th century.[17][18]

Timeline

  • 1817 – emvenenada in a private letter.[12]
  • 1858 – the 6th edition of Morais lists envenenar, envenenado and envenenamento.[2][19]
  • 1871 – Vieira analyses it as en- + veneno and records the figurative sense.[5]
  • 1899 – Figueiredo adds “to pervert, to make harmful”.[6]
  • 1975 – Aurélio records the motoring sense.[16]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To put or mix poison (veneno) in something: envenenar a comida.[2][4]
  2. To contaminate with poison or toxic substances: Os resíduos da fábrica envenenaram o rio.[2][15]
  3. To intoxicate;[2][1] (reflexive) to become intoxicated.[2][1]
  4. To poison someone, to give poison to kill;[2][1][20] (reflexive) to take poison.[2][1][20]
  5. (figurative) To corrupt, pervert or spoil: O ciúme envenenou a amizade deles.[4][3][1]
  6. (figurative) To twist the meaning of words or intentions.[4][20]
  7. (figurative) To set people against each other by intrigue.[15][3]
  8. (motoring, informal) To soup up an engine or car.[4][1]

Word family

  • envenenado
  • envenenamento

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenar
  3. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. envenenar
  4. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. envenenar
  5. ^ a b c Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 199
  6. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. envenenar
  7. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. veneno
  8. ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. veneno
  9. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  11. ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. envenenar
  12. ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. envenenar
  13. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenamento
  14. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. envenenar
  15. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3663
  16. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda (1975), Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, p. 562
  17. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. envenenar
  18. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. empeçonhar
  19. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. envenenado
  20. ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. envenenar

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Envenenar.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/envenenar. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·