Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word confuso

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1300s More words from the 14th century
Borrowed from
Latin confusus
Ultimate origin
Latin fundō
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin fundus
French fond
English fund
Romanian fond
Italian fondo
Portuguese fundo
Romanian fund
Spanish fondo
Latin fundō
French fondre
Italian fondare
Italian fondere
Old French funder
English found
Portuguese fundar
Portuguese fundir
Spanish hundir
French fonder
Latin cōnfundō
Spanish confundir
French confondre
Italian confondere
Portuguese confundir
Latin cōnfūsus
French confus
Italian confuso
Portuguese confuso
Romanian confuz
Spanish confuso
From the same root
Latin funditus ← fundus
Latin lātifundium ← fundus
Latin profundus ← fundus
French foncer ← fond
French plafond ← fond
Italian affondare ← fondo
Portuguese afundar ← fundo
Romanian înfunda ← fund
French fonderie ← fundō
French refondre ← fundō
Latin circumfundō ← fundō
Latin diffundō ← fundō
Latin effundō ← fundō
Latin fundāmentum ← fundō
Latin fundātiō ← fundō
Latin fundātor ← fundō
Latin fundātus ← fundō
Latin infundō ← fundō
Latin offundō ← fundō
Latin perfundō ← fundō
Latin profundō ← fundō
Latin refundō ← fundō
Latin suffundō ← fundō
Latin superfundō ← fundō
English unfounded ← funder
English foundry ← found
English confound ← cōnfundō
Latin cōnfūsiō ← cōnfundō

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /kõˈfu.zu/[1]
  • Portugal: /kõˈfu.zu/[1]

Forms

confuso (feminine confusa, masculine plural confusos, feminine plural confusas)[1] Fifteenth-century texts also spell it cõfuso, comfuso and confusso.[2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin cōnfūsus (“mixed, mingled”), the past participle of cōnfundō (“to pour together, mix, confuse”), taken into Portuguese as a learned word.[2][3][4][1] Houaiss and Cunha date it to the 14th century, a century after the verb confundir, which continues the same Latin verb.[2][3][5] Silva Bastos, Figueiredo and the old Aulete still treat it as the irregular participle of that verb.[6][7][8]

The same Latin participle gave Spanish confuso and Italian confuso.[9][1]

The Latin verb is formed from con- (“with, together”) and fundō (“to pour”).[10][1] De Vaan derives this verb from a root Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- “to pour”, with the extension in -d- also seen in Germanic, and notes that this is the only Latin word where f- continues that initial consonant.[11][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the cantigas d'escarnho the word is a curse: Estevan da Guarda wishes that a man sea sempre maldito e confuso “be always cursed and confounded”, and Lapa glosses it “reproved, disgraced”.[12][13] The Universo Cantigas glossary takes it as the participle of the medieval verb Old Galician-Portuguese confonder in the sense “to condemn, curse”.[13]

Semantic evolution

The religious sense “humbled, put to shame” is still found in a text of 1523 that R. Lorenzo quotes, where the speaker is exalçado sõo e homildado e confuso “I am exalted and humbled and confounded”.[12] Cardoso's dictionary of 1569 renders it with Latin confusus and perplexus, and Folqman (1755) adds the sense “covered in shame”.[14][15]

Morais (1789) lists the senses that are still current: without order or clarity, perplexed and unable to decide, obscure or uncertain, and tangled.[16][17] The modern dictionaries keep the same range, from “mixed together” and “indistinct” to “embarrassed” and “hesitant”.[2][18][19]

Timeline

  • 14th century – first records, according to Houaiss and Cunha.[2][3]
  • 15th century – spellings cõfuso, comfuso and confusso.[2]
  • c. 1500 – used in the Vida de Santo Agostinho (witness 1480–1510).[20]
  • 1523 – homildado e confuso “humbled and confounded” in a religious text.[12]
  • 1544 – the spelling comfuso in a private letter.[21]
  • 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin confusus and perplexus.[14]
  • 1755 – Folqman records the sense “covered in shame”.[15]
  • 1789 – Morais defines it as “without order or clarity” and “perplexed”.[16]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. mixed up, out of order; disordered, chaotic: uma pilha de papéis confusa.[2][19][22]
  2. Not clearly perceived by the senses; indistinct, vague: vozes confusas ao longe.[2][23]
  3. (figurative) Lacking clarity or method; obscure, hard to follow: uma explicação confusa.[2][18][1]
  4. Physically tangled, intertwined.[2]
  5. (figurative) embarrassed, abashed, ill at ease out of shame or modesty.[2][18][24]
  6. Unsure what to think or do; confused, perplexed, hesitant: ficou confusa com as instruções.[2][19][1]

Word family

  • confusamente

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. confuso
  3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. confusão
  4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. confuso
  5. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. confundir
  6. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. confuso
  7. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. confuso
  8. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. confuso
  9. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. confuso
  10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  12. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. confuso
  13. ^ a b Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. confuso
  14. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. confuso
  15. ^ a b Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. confuso
  16. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 309
  17. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 444
  18. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. confuso
  19. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. confuso
  20. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. confuso
  21. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. confuso
  22. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 2335
  23. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. confuso
  24. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. confuso

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Confuso.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/confuso. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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