*ǵʰew-

Reconstruction

The root is *g̑ʰeu̯- 'to pour' in LIV,^[1] *ǵheu- in Beekes,^[2] *ǵʰeu- in Kroonen,^[3] *ĝʰeu- in Adams,^[4] *ǵhew- in Sihler^[5] and *ĝheu- in Mallory and Adams.^[6] It stands beside an enlarged root *ǵʰeud-, seen in Latin fundō (“to pour”) and a Gothic verb: see *ǵʰewd-.^[7][8] Sihler calls the two forms identical in meaning, the added consonant being a root extension.^[5]

Kümmel adds two new roots with a plain velar, ?*gʰeu̯- 'to lack' and ?*gʰeu̯- 'to favour'; they are not this root: see *gʰew-.^[9]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *g̑ʰéu̯-/g̑ʰu-, an i-reduplicated athematic present *g̑ʰi-g̑ʰéu̯/g̑ʰu-, a thematic present *g̑ʰéu̯-e- and an s-desiderative *g̑ʰéu̯/g̑ʰu-s-; the s-aorists of Vedic, Greek and Tocharian A, a ne-present of Khotanese and the perfects are innovations.^[1] Kroonen gives the Vedic present as *ǵʰu-ǵʰeu- and the Greek one as *ǵʰéu-e-.^[3]

Evidence

Indo-Aryan, Greek, Tocharian and Armenian have reflexes of the bare root, Germanic and Latin of the enlarged *ǵʰeud-.^{[1][10][3][7]} Mallory and Adams find the meaning 'pour' clearly reconstructable, as shown by the verbs, by nouns naming a vessel and by nouns naming the person pouring.^[6] Beekes lists several matches between Greek and Indo-Iranian: Ancient Greek χυτός (khutós) and Sanskrit हुत (hutá, “sacrificed”) from *ǵhu-tó-, and Greek χεῦμα (kheûma) beside a Sanskrit word for 'sacrifice'.^[2] LIV lists no Anatolian form.^[1]

Meanings

1. to pour^[1][6]

Indo-Iranian and Tocharian specialised the verb for sacrificial pouring: Vedic जुहोति (juhóti) means 'pours; offers' and Tocharian B ku- 'to offer a libation'.^[1][4] Beekes glosses the root 'to pour (as into a mold)'.^[8]

Derivatives

• *ǵhu-tó-, the verbal adjective: Ancient Greek χυτός (khutós), Sanskrit हुत (hutá, “sacrificed”).^[2]

Reflexes

• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit जुहोति (juhóti, “pours; offers”), as LIV cites it.^[1]
• Greek: Ancient Greek χέω (khéō, “I pour”).^[2]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B ku- (“to offer a libation”).^[4]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *geutan- (“to pour”), with a root-final consonant that has no counterpart elsewhere.^[3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *g̑ʰeu̯-
2. ^ a b c d Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. χέω
3. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 177
4. ^ a b c Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 190
5. ^ a b Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, New York: OUP
6. ^ a b c Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 393
7. ^ a b Clackson, James (2007), Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP
8. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed., revised by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 196
9. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim, Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV², online document, last change 16 June 2026, p. 29
10. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach K. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 446