Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + eō (“to go”). An inscription has ⟨trās-⟩.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τρικλίνιον (triklínion, “dining room with three couches”), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) and κλίνη (klínē, “couch”). Saalfeld and Köbler give the Greek source as…

1. Troy is borrowed from Ancient Greek Τροία (Troía). Latin dictionaries treat it under the name of the Trojans' ancestor, Trōs. Köbler calls its further origin unclear. 2. The sow is a Late and…

It is from Latin tumeō (“to swell”), but how it was formed is obscure. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of tumeō, since its meaning suggests it belongs there; he rejects Leumann's ⟨*tumulitus⟩…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷuþei (“where”), built on the pronominal stem *kʷu- (“where”). De Vaan notes that the form could reflect ⟨*kʷubʰei⟩, with the PIE instrumental ending ⟨*-bʰi⟩, or…

De Vaan explains it as probably ⟨*kʷum⟩ with -quam “any”, where ⟨*kʷum⟩ replaced the old accusative Proto-Indo-European *kʷom (“when”) (see cum) on the model of ubi; the OLD likewise derives it from…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *ūskʷe, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from the genitive of *úd (“out, up”) and the particle *-kʷe (“and”), formed like absque. Compare…

It is from Latin ūtor (“to use”) + -tus, the suffix of action nouns. Plautus has ⟨ussus⟩, Cicero's archaizing laws ⟨oesus⟩, and Varro the genitive ⟨ūsuis⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wal-ē- (“to be strong”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ulh₁-eh₁- (“to be strong”), a stative verb. Related to Oscan ϝαλε (vale, “farewell”), and cognate…

It is from Latin vāstus (“empty, desolate”) + -ō. The adjective is from Proto-Italic *wāsto-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁u(e)h₂-sto-, cognate with Old Irish fás (“empty”) and Old High German wuosti…

It is an old form from Latin volō (“to wish”), “if you wish, choose”. De Vaan and Wiktionary take it as the second person singular present, ⟨*welsi⟩ > ⟨*well⟩ > ⟨vel⟩, “you wish”; the OLD and Lewis…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wekslo-, as the diminutive vēxillum “banner” shows (compare pālus and paxillus). De Vaan connects the root either with *weǵʰ- “to convey” (as in vehō), which suits…

It is from Latin vēnor (“to hunt”) + -tus. The verb probably comes from an adjective Proto-Italic *wēno- (“searching, hunting”) or a noun *wēnā- (“hunt”), made from Proto-Indo-European *(H)uēnh₁-…

It is contracted from ⟨vēnum dō⟩ “to give for sale” (also ⟨vēnundō⟩), from Latin vēnum + dō (“to give”), ⟨vēnum⟩ being the accusative of vēnus “sale”. De Vaan derives vēnus from Proto-Italic…

It is the noun venus (“love, charm”) used as a name. That noun is inherited from Proto-Italic *wenos-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-os (“desire”), from the root Proto-Indo-European…

It goes back to ⟨*werbes-na⟩, a derivative of the s-stem, from Latin verbera (“lashes, rods”); de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *werbos (“twig, whip”) and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *uerb(h)-es-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wer-ē- (“to be wary”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *u(e)r-eh₁- (“to note, sense”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁράω (horáō, “to see”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃 (wars…

It is from Latin vērus (“true”), its neuter, used as a noun (“the truth”) and as an adverb; the conjunction grew out of ⟨vērum est⟩ “it is true” used in replies. De Vaan derives ⟨vērus⟩ from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wēros, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁-ro- (“true”). Cognate with Old Irish fír (“true”), Welsh gwir (“true”), Old High German wār (“true”) and Old Church…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *westero- (“your (plural)”), formed on the stem of vōs with the contrastive suffix also seen in noster; de Vaan tentatively reconstructs a PIE possessive *us-tero-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wegē-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ-eh₁- (“to be strong”), a stative verb. The i may come from vigil “awake”, or the verb kept apart from vegeō “to arouse”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wink- (“to tie, bind”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ui-n-k- (“to bend, tie”). De Vaan thinks it probably shares its root with vinciō “to bind”, since “to…

The origin is doubtful. The OLD suggests a cry of joy ⟨voi-⟩, comparing Ancient Greek εὐοῖ (euoî), with the ending of opitulor; Georges likewise derives it from a cry ⟨*voi⟩. De Vaan leaves it…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gʷīwos (“alive”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-wós (“alive”), from the root of vīvō “to live”. De Vaan treats the adjective and the verb as both…

It is formed from Latin volō (“to fly”), with an ending like that of alacer. Wiktionary takes the nominative to be syncopated from ⟨*wolukris⟩, earlier ⟨*woluklis⟩; de Vaan reports Walde–Hofmann's…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD takes it as probably short for ⟨volupe⟩, the neuter of an old adjective, but de Vaan thinks that the manuscript variant ⟨volupe⟩ probably arose in the phrase…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *welu-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *uel-u- (“to wind”). The long /ū/ of volūmen and volūbilis is a productive lengthening in derivatives. Cognate with…

It is from Latin vōtus, its neuter, ⟨vōtus⟩ being the participle of voveō “to vow”, used as a noun; the participle was contracted from *wowitos. The verb is from Proto-Italic *wow-eje/o-, from…

Its formation is disputed. The OLD and Wiktionary analyse it as from Latin ab- + laqueō (“to ensnare”), and Lewis & Short take it from laqueus in the sense “hollow”. The TLL and Georges derive it…

It is usually explained as from Latin ab (“from”) + orīgō (“beginning, origin”), as if the people were there “from the beginning”. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of orior (“to rise”), beside…

It is from Latin acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum, originally a vessel for vinegar, as Isidore already explains. De Vaan lists acētum and the noun among the derivatives of aceō (“to be sour”), which he…

It is from Latin ad- (“to”) + mētior (“to measure”). De Vaan explains mētior as made from a noun Proto-Italic *mēti-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-ti- (“measurement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek…

It is formed from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + vehō (“to carry”). Wiktionary notes that Umbrian 𐌀𐌛𐌅𐌄𐌉𐌕𐌖 (ařveitu, “let him add”) may point to a compound already in Proto-Italic. ⟨vehō⟩ goes back to…

It is from Latin aequus (“equal”) + nox (“night”) + -ium, the time when night is equal to day. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of nox, from Cato on; for aequus he finds no convincing…

It is from Latin aes (“copper, bronze”) + -ūgō, from the oblique stem ⟨aer-⟩. Lewis and Short compare ferrūgō (“iron rust”) from ferrum (“iron”), and the TLL compares aerūca. De Vaan traces the base…

It is from Latin agnus (“lamb”) + -a, the feminine of the word for a lamb. De Vaan traces agnus to Proto-Italic *agʷno- (“lamb”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷ-no- (“lamb”). Cognate with Old Irish…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *agʷnos (“lamb”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”). Cognate with Old Irish úan (“lamb”), Ancient Greek ἀμνός (amnós, “lamb”), Old Church…

It is probably borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄλιξ (álix, “groats of rice-wheat”), a word of unknown origin with almost the same form and meaning. De Vaan allows that both may instead be loanwords from…

It is from Latin ali- + quotiēns (“how many times, as often as”), with the stem ⟨ali-⟩ of alius (“other”); the grammarian Priscian derived it from aliquot (“several”). De Vaan lists quotiēns among…

It is formed from Latin altus (“high; deep”) + -tūdō. De Vaan traces ⟨altus⟩ to Proto-Italic *alto- (“high”) and, with a query, Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-to-, cognate with Old Irish alt (“height…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀμόργη (amórgē, “lees of oil”), perhaps through Etruscan. Köbler connects the Greek word with the root Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to wipe off”). Isidore derived…

It is from Latin angulus (“corner, angle”) + -āris.

It is from Latin annus (“year”), but the details of its formation are disputed. The OLD and the TLL take it as a diminutive in -ulus of an unattested adjective *annicus, while Wiktionary explains it…

It is formed from Latin ante (“before”) + eā (“these things”), with the ablative of is (“this, that”). It is built like antehāc, posteā and proptereā.

It is from Latin ante (“before”) + quam (“than”). De Vaan traces ante to Proto-Italic *anti and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-i (“in front”).

The origin is disputed. The OLD suggests that it is named after a man called Apīcius; Georges takes him to be an Apicius living before or in Cato's time, not the famous gourmet of the first century…

It is from Latin appāreō (“to appear; to attend on”) + -tor. appāreō is a compound of ad (“to”) and pāreō (“to appear; to obey”), which de Vaan reconstructs as Proto-Italic *pās-ē-, perhaps from…

It is from Latin appellō (“to address, call”) + -tiō. De Vaan lists appellō “to speak to” among the derivatives of pellō, which he traces to Proto-Italic *pelna- (“to approach”) and…

It is from Latin aquārius (“of water”), used as a noun in the neuter. The adjective is formed from aqua (“water”).

It is from Latin aqua (“water”) + -ārius; the noun is the adjective used of a person. De Vaan traces aqua to Proto-Italic *akwā- (“water”), with a Germanic cognate in Old High German aha (“river”)…

It is from Latin aqua (“water”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces aqua to Proto-Italic *akwā- (“water”) and compares Old High German aha (“water”), but notes that the Italic and Germanic word may have been…

It is formed from Latin arō (“to plough”) + -trum, the instrument suffix. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *araje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”); an inherited noun…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄργιλλος (árgillos, “white clay, potter's clay”). Lewis and Short connect the Greek word with ἀργής (argḗs, “white”); Wiktionary suggests ἀργός (argós) or a…

The origin is unknown. The nominative was probably ⟨*ass⟩; the as was first a rectangular bronze plaque weighing a pound, and became a round coin under the empire. Ernout and Meillet suspected a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐστηρός (austērós, “harsh, bitter, sour”). Etymonline notes that the Greek word was used especially of fruits that dry the tongue.

It is from Latin āvertō (“to turn away”), its participle, used as an adjective. The verb is from ā- (“away”) and vertō (“to turn”), whose older form ⟨vortō⟩ was the usual one until about the middle…

It is from Latin bi- (“two”) + hiems (“winter”), literally “having two winters”. De Vaan derives it from Proto-Italic *dwi-χimo-, with the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *ǵhim-ós (“winter”) that…

It is from Latin bi- (“two, double”) + pāla (“spade”) + -ium. Georges compares bisellium (“seat for two”), formed in the same way from sella (“seat”). De Vaan lists pāla (“long-handled spade”) among…

It is from Latin bi- + pēs (“foot”) + -ālis, “of two feet”. The TLL compares the related forms bipedus and bipedāneus.

It is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-u- (“pitch, resin”). De Vaan explains it from a form ⟨*betu-⟩ that Latin must have borrowed either from Sabellic, where /gʷ/ became /b/, or from…