Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is formed from Latin re- + dō, “give back”. The double ⟨dd⟩ continues the reduplicated present ⟨*di-d-⟩ of Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”), which Latin keeps only in this verb. Compare…

It is from Latin re- + eō (“to go”). De Vaan traces ⟨eō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ei- (“to go”), Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”), and notes that Ennius has ⟨redīnunt⟩ “they return”.

It is from Latin re- + dux (“leader”), or from redūcō (“to lead back”), as dux is from dūcō. The TLL explains the variant spellings with ⟨rēd-⟩ and ⟨redd-⟩ from the influence of prōdūcō and reddō…

It is from Latin rēx (“king”) + -ālis, from the stem rēg-. The noun is from Proto-Italic *rēg- (“king”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rēǵs (“ruler, king”).

It is from Latin rēgnō (“to rule as king”) + -tor. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of rēx (“king”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *rēg- (“king”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃rēǵ-s (“ruler…

It has no good Proto-Indo-European etymology. The old comparison with Sanskrit व्रीडते (vrīḍate, “is ashamed”), which the OLD still mentions, is semantically gratuitous according to de Vaan. Roberts…

The origin of the name is uncertain. Georges and Köbler take it to be of Etruscan origin, and Wiktionary, for lack of a secure Indo-European etymology, finds it most appealing that it is from…

The origin is unknown. Wiktionary suggests a pre-Latin Mediterranean source, and mentions a minority view, already in Lewis & Short, that links it with sāgiō (“to perceive keenly”).

It is formed from Latin salūs (“health, safety; greeting”) + -ō, the verb suffix: “to wish health to”. De Vaan puts ⟨salūs⟩ with salvus (“safe, whole”), from Proto-Italic *salu- (“whole, healthy”)…

As a greeting it is from Latin salveō (“to be well”), its imperative, from salvus “safe, sound”, and the OLD allows that it may instead be the adverb ⟨salvē⟩ “in good health” used as an imperative…

It is formed from Latin salvus (“safe, well”) + -eō, the stative suffix; Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Italic *salawēō, and de Vaan reconstructs a Proto-Italic ⟨*salw-ē-⟩ “to be well”. The OLD…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *salu- (“whole, healthy”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *slH-u- (“whole”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“whole”). Cognate with Faliscan salues…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sap-i-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sh₁p-i- (“to notice”), which de Vaan takes as an athematic i-present. Cognate with Oscan sipus (“knowing”), Old High…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sati- (“satiation, satisfaction”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂-ti-, from the root Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”). Walde and Hofmann took it…

It is from Proto-Italic *saksom, whose further origin is uncertain. De Vaan says it cannot come from the root *sek- of secō “to cut”, since the /a/ would be unexplained, although the OLD and Köbler…

The singular is a later form of the classical plural scapulae (“shoulder blades”); that plural is inherited from Proto-Italic *skap-elo- in de Vaan's reconstruction, cognate with Umbrian scapla…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape, bearing”), from the root of ἔχω (ékhō, “to have, hold”). Plautus and Caecilius have a short first vowel, representing Achaean ⟨skhéma⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ski-n-d-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ski-n-d- (“to split, tear off”), a present with a nasal infix. The old reduplicated perfect scicidī continues a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *skōp-ā-. De Vaan compares Ancient Greek σκᾶπος (skâpos, “stick”) (in Hesychius), σκήπτομαι (skḗptomai, “to support oneself”), Latvian šķèps (“spear, javelin”), Old…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sekaje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sekh₁-ie/o- (“to cut off”). Cognate with Umbrian prusekatu (“let him cut out”), used of the entrails of a…

The OLD takes it as from Latin sequor (“to follow”), the feminine of an obsolete participle, as in the verb sector “to follow eagerly”. Georges and Gaffiot also derive it from sequor. Lewis & Short…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sen-ek- (“old man”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sen-(o-) (“old”). De Vaan suggests that an older thematic *seno-, as in Celtic, became an i-stem in Latin…

It is from Latin senex (“old, old man”) + -īlis. De Vaan notes that it can also come from an older o-stem, as servīlis (“slavish”) and puerīlis (“childish”), and traces senex to Proto-Italic *seno-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *septmo- (“seventh”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *septm-ó- (“seventh”), the ordinal of *septḿ̥ (“seven”); the OLD analyses it as septem (“seven”) and the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sekʷ-e/o- (“to follow”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-e/o- (“to follow, accompany”). The old participle *sekto- lives on in sectārī “to follow…

The origin is disputed. It is usually traced to Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy, difficult”), comparing Old English swǣr (“heavy, grievous”) and Old High German swāri (“heavy”), an etymology…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sekno- (“statue, sign”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sek(h₂)-no- (“cut”), a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), the root of secāre, so that…

It has no etymology. It was traditionally compared with Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood, timber”), and the OLD with Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood”) and Lithuanian šulas (“post, stave”), but de…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *semali- (“alike, together”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥h₂-el-i-, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”), through *semilis. The adverb simul…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *swekrū̆- (“mother-in-law”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”), the feminine counterpart of the word continued by socer. De Vaan…

The origin is unknown. The link with the reflexive sē proposed by Walde–Hofmann, Pokorny and Ernout–Meillet is hardly possible, according to de Vaan. He considers instead the root *slH- of salvus…

It is formed from Latin sonō (“to sound”) + -tus. De Vaan traces ⟨sonō⟩ (Old Latin also ⟨sonere⟩) to Proto-Italic *swena- and Proto-Indo-European *swenH- (“to sound”), with an iterative…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *swesōr- (“sister”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (“sister”). Cognate with Old Irish siur (“sister”), Welsh chwaer (“sister”), Sanskrit स्वसृ (svásṛ…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spisso-, perhaps Proto-Indo-European *spid-to-. The likeliest cognates are Ancient Greek σπίδιος (spídios, “extensive, wide”) and Ancient Greek σπιδνός (spidnós…

It is from Latin spōnsus, its feminine, ⟨spōnsus⟩ being the participle of spondeō “to pledge, betroth”, used as a noun. De Vaan traces ⟨spondeō⟩ to Proto-Italic *spondeje/o- (“to libate many times…

It is an imitative sound, a hiss enjoining silence.

The origin is uncertain. It may share a root *sti- “sharp object” with stimulus “goad” and stīva “plough handle”, and some derive it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, sting”), as…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sta-ē-je/o- (“to stand, be standing”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-eh₁-ie/o- (“to stand”), a stative present built on the root *steh₂-. Unlike the…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD compares Greek στρηνής (strēnḗs, “strong, harsh”), στρηνύζω (strēnúzō, “to be wanton”) and English stern; Etymonline also takes it as probably cognate with the Greek…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *stup-ro- (“struck, hit”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *stup-ro-, from the root of stupeō, ⟨*stup-eh₁-⟩ “to hit, push”: what is struck or stunned became what…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *swādu- (“sweet”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂d-u- (“sweet”). The u-stem was remade as an i-stem, *swādwi-, as all such adjectives were, and the /d/…

It is formed from Latin sub- (“under, from below”) + agō (“to drive”). De Vaan traces agō to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-e/o- (“to drive, lead”), cognate with Oscan acum (“to…

The origin is uncertain: the OLD marks it as doubtful and Wiktionary as unknown. Georges and Köbler explain it from sub (“under”) and the root of liquor (“to be liquid, flow”), as a stake standing…

It is a denominative verb, probably from Proto-Italic *swoido- (“sweat”), a noun, continuing Proto-Indo-European *suoid-o- (“sweat”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”), which…

It is from Latin sub- + emō (“to take”), with the form *subs-, with an excrescent ⟨p⟩ in ⟨sūmpsī⟩ and ⟨sūmptum⟩. Emō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take”).

It is from Latin sub- + vorsum (“turned towards”), a contracted form. vorsum is an adverb from the root of vertō (“to turn”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *takē- (“to be silent”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tHk-eh₁- (“to be silent”) (Wiktionary: ⟨*teh₂k-⟩). De Vaan rejects the view of LIV and Klingenschmitt…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tām (“so”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂m. The OLD and Lewis & Short explain it as the accusative feminine singular of the demonstrative stem seen in…

It is a compound from Latin tam + quam, “so as”. ⟨Tam⟩ goes back to Proto-Indo-European *teh₂m; ⟨quam⟩ is the accusative feminine of the relative pronoun quī.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tānto- (“so great”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂-nt-o-, beside the adverb tam “so”, as quantus stands beside quam. De Vaan thinks it probably…

It is formed from Latin tardus (“slow”) + -ē, the adverb ending. De Vaan finds no etymology for ⟨tardus⟩, and rejects Walde and Hofmann's link with Ancient Greek τέρυ (téru, “weak”).

De Vaan finds no etymology for it. Walde and Hofmann, and the OLD, connect it with Ancient Greek τέρυ (téru, “weak”) and Sanskrit तरुण (táruṇa, “young”) through a form *taru-dos, but de Vaan rejects…

It is from Latin tegō (“to cover”) + -es. Wiktionary notes the suffix ⟨-t-⟩, also found in hebes (“blunt”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *tege-t- (“covering”), from the root of ⟨tegō⟩, which…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *t(e)nē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥-eh₁- (“to hold”), a stative present to the root *ten- (“to stretch”). Latin also kept an s-stem noun of the root…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *term(e)nos, a thematized form of termen, which directly continues Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“boundary”); the OLD suggests that it was formed from the neuter…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, “place for viewing”), from θεάομαι (theáomai, “to watch”). An inscription has ⟨teatr-⟩. Isidore says it is named from watching, because the…

Its origin is unknown. A connection with words for “stiff”, as Sanskrit प्रस्तीम (prastīma-, “coagulated”), is hardly possible. Linking it with *temH- “dark”, as in tenebrae, makes sense but is…

It is formed from Latin timeō (“to fear”) + -idus. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of timeō, whose origin is unknown: he rejects the comparison with words for “stiff” that Walde and Pokorny…

It is formed from Latin timeō + -or, from the verb “to fear”. De Vaan rejects the connection of timeō with words for “stiff”, which Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny hesitantly proposed, and gives it no…

It is formed from Latin torqueō (“to twist”) (from its root). De Vaan traces torqueō to Proto-Italic *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”) and the causative Proto-Indo-European *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”)…