Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin frūstror (“to deceive, frustrate”) + -tus. The verb is formed from frūstrā (“in vain”), which de Vaan takes as the plural of an unattested *frūstrum from *fraud-tro-, built on fraus…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *frusto-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrus-to- (“broken”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *bʰrus- (“to break”) found otherwise in Celtic and Germanic. De…

1. The dye is borrowed from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed, orchil”). 2. The drone is perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoi-ko-, if from ⟨*foiko-⟩, and so cognate with the Celtic…

It is from Latin fuga (“flight”) + -āx, the adjective of tendency to fugiō (“to flee”). The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *fugiō and Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to flee”). Cognate with Ancient…

It is formed from Latin fugiō (“to flee”) + -īvus. De Vaan traces ⟨fugiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *fugi- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”), cognate with Ancient Greek φεύγω (pheúgō, “to flee”).

It is from Latin fugiō (“to flee”) + -itō, a frequentative.

It is formed from Latin fuga (“flight”) + -ō, the verb ending. ⟨Fuga⟩ belongs to fugiō (“to flee”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *fug-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰug- (“to flee”), cognate…

It is formed from Latin fūmus (“smoke”). De Vaan traces ⟨fūmus⟩ to Proto-Italic *fūmos and Proto-Indo-European *dhuh2-mó- (“smoke, fume”), cognate with Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá-, “smoke”), Ancient Greek…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan allows a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰondʰ-h₂- (“tie, strap”), from the root *bʰendʰ- "to bind", but also a loanword from an unknown language, which may be…

It is formed from Latin fundus (“bottom”) + -itus, the adverbial suffix. De Vaan traces ⟨fundus⟩ to Proto-Italic *fundo- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnó- (“bottom”), with metathesis of the nasal…

The origin is unknown. De Vaan rejects the older explanations, which all start from ⟨*ǵʰ-⟩: words such as Lithuanian žìrklės (“scissors”) point to a root ⟨*ǵʰ(e/o)rg-⟩, but the vowel of the Latin…

It is from Latin furca (“fork”) + -fer (“bearing”), one who carries the fork, an instrument of punishment. A Latin gloss explains it as one who carries forks, and Plutarch says that the man who had…

It is probably borrowed from Ancient Greek γαλέη (galéē, “weasel, marten”), first a helmet of marten's or weasel's skin; the TLL compares κυνέη (kunéē, “dog-skin cap, helmet”) and Latin galērus…

It is from Latin gallīna (“hen”) + -āceus. gallīna is the feminine of gallus (“cock”). De Vaan thinks the best explanation of gallus is the link with a root Proto-Indo-European *glH- (“to call”)…

It is imitative of sound. Pokorny joined it to a root found in words for mocking and grumbling, but de Vaan finds that most of these words go back to a form meaning “to mock”, while the Latin verb…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *gebmā (“bud, sprout”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeb-m- (“sprout, bud”), with “bud” as the first meaning; it is cognate with Lithuanian žémbėti (“to…

The origin is uncertain. Most scholars, and Lewis & Short, connected it with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”), from a root meaning “to grasp, press”, but de Vaan finds the change from that to…

It is from Latin gestus (“gesture”) + -iō, first “to make wild gestures”. The noun is from gerō (“to carry, conduct”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ges-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ǵ-es- (“to…

It is the frequentative from Latin gerō (“to carry, bear”) + -tō (formed from its supine stem). De Vaan traces ⟨gerō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ges-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ǵ-es- (“to carry”), an…

It is probably borrowed from Proto-Celtic *kladio- (“sword”), or a borrowing of the same word from a third language: de Vaan points to the close match with the Celtic words for “sword”, the…

The origin is unknown: de Vaan finds no certain cognates. Wiktionary reports two proposals, a root Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”), with gilvus (“pale yellow”), helvus (“yellowish”) and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós, “Greek”). In Greek this was the name of the people around Dodona in Epirus, from the Epirote tribal name Γρᾶες (Grâes); its further origin is…

It is from Latin grānum + -ārium. The noun grānum (“grain”) goes back to Proto-Italic *grāno- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵrh2-no- (“which has ripened, fruit, grain”).

It is from Latin grandis (“large”) + -iō. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of grandis, whose own origin he finds unclear.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *grand-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-ōn (“hail”). De Vaan explains the Latin form by metathesis in the oblique stem, of the kind seen in unda, after…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γραφικός (graphikós, “of painting or drawing; picturesque”), from γράφω (gráphō, “to scratch, write, draw”).

It is a frequentative from Latin gradior (“to step, walk”), formed with the suffix of ⟨-tō⟩ verbs. The grammarian Macrobius already called it an iterative of that verb. De Vaan traces gradior to…

It is from Latin gravātus + -ē, from the participle of gravō (“to weigh down”), which is formed from gravis (“heavy”). The adjective goes back to Proto-Italic *gʷra(w)u- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin gravis (“heavy”) + -ēdō. The TLL compares gravēscō (“to grow heavy”).

It is formed from Latin gravis (“heavy”) + -ter. De Vaan traces the adjective to Proto-Italic *gʷra(w)u- and Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-u- (“heavy”), a u-stem remade as an i-stem in Latin, cognate…

It is perhaps inherited from Proto-Italic *gremo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂grem- (“to gather”), with an original sense “armload, embrace”; de Vaan marks the reconstruction as doubtful…

The origin is unknown. Wiktionary mentions a possible link with Old Armenian կաթն (katʻn, “milk”) or with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

It is from Latin habitō (“to dwell, inhabit”) + -tiō. De Vaan explains habitō as a frequentative of habeō (“to have, hold”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *χab/f-ē- (“to have, hold”) and…

It is the frequentative from Latin habeō (“to have, hold”) + -itō. De Vaan traces habeō to Proto-Italic *χabē- (“has taken, has”) and Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₁bʰ- (“to take”). Clifford Weber…

It is from Latin hic (“this”), its feminine ablative singular. De Vaan traces ⟨hic⟩ to Proto-Italic *χo and the demonstrative stem Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰe- (“this”) with the particle…

The origin is unknown. De Vaan notes that only Ancient Greek χαμός (khamós, “curved”) and χαβός (khabós, “curved”) come close in form and meaning, but the variation within Greek is unexplained and…

The origin is unknown. The OLD and the TLL compare cohors, and the TLL also hortus. Walde and Hofmann derived it, like the first of these, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to grab”), and Köbler…

It is from Latin hariolus (“soothsayer”) with the verbal suffix of the first conjugation. The base is a diminutive which de Vaan connects with haruspex (“diviner who inspects entrails”), built on a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἁρπάγη (harpágē, “hook”), from ἁρπάζω (harpázō, “to snatch away, seize”), whose origin is uncertain.

The origin is uncertain; the OLD calls it doubtful. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *χarund-en-. He notes that Germanic words for reed in ⟨*hreud-⟩ and Tocharian B karwa (“reeds”) do not lead to a…

It is from Latin hasta (“spear”) + -īle. De Vaan thinks hasta, from Proto-Italic *χastā-, probably not of Indo-European origin but a loanword shared with Celtic and Germanic, as Middle Irish gat…

It has no etymology. De Vaan finds it impossible to derive the verb hebeō (“to be blunt”) from the adjective or the adjective from the verb, and posits a stem *heb- underlying both; the adjective is…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek εἶα (eîa, “come on!”).

It is an onomatopoeic interjection, like German hm and French hum. Compare the stronger ehem.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἡμίνα (hēmína, “half-measure”), which Köbler connects with ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) and Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”).

The origin is unknown according to de Vaan: the reconstruction ⟨*gʰer-dʰ-⟩ of Walde, Hofmann and Pokorny, from the root of grāmen (“grass”), is impossible if that root is ⟨*ǵʰrh₁-⟩, and there is no…

It is formed from Latin hērēs (“heir”) + -tās. De Vaan finds most likely Nussbaum's explanation of hērēs as a noun built on an adjective ⟨*ǵʰeh₁ro-⟩ “left behind, bereft”, the same as Ancient Greek…

The TLL takes it as a calling interjection like German ⟨husch⟩. Köbler calls its origin unclear and, after Walde and Hofmann, points to a natural sound ⟨*hss⟩ used as a carter's call in several…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χeimrino- (“wintry”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeym-r-ino- (“wintry”), with ⟨*heimrinos⟩ becoming ⟨*heibrinos⟩ and then ⟨hībernus⟩. Cognate with…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χiem- (“winter”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Cognate with Avestan ziiā̊ (“winter”), Sanskrit हिम (himá, “cold, frost”), Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin hilaris (“cheerful”) + -ē; the OLD and Georges derive it from the variant hilarus. The adjective was borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful, merry”), which…

The origin is unknown. Wiktionary mentions a possible Semitic source, or a variant of fīlum (“thread”) if the first sense was "little thread". Festus, as reported by Paul the Deacon, says that the…

It goes back to ⟨*him-ce⟩, a case form, from Latin hic (“this”) with the deictic particle ⟨-ce⟩, formed like illinc and istinc. The demonstrative is built on a deictic stem Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰe-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χi-ā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁i-eh₂- (“to gape, be wide open”). De Vaan compares the formation of Lithuanian žióti (“to open the mouth”), and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱππόδρομος (hippódromos, “race-course for horses and chariots”), a compound of ἵππος (híppos, “horse”) and δρόμος (drómos, “running, course”). Köbler traces the…

The origin is unknown. The TLL compares erneum (“a kind of cake”), the cake Cato bakes in such a vessel, and suggests that the ⟨i⟩ points to a dialect form; Wiktionary also links it with that word…

The origin is unknown. Earlier etymological dictionaries see in it the suffix of testūdō (“tortoise”), which comes from testū (“pot”), but no stem ⟨hiru-⟩ is known; the TLL nevertheless assumes one…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD and the TLL call it imitative, like hirriō (“to snarl”), and Walde and Hofmann held the same view, though de Vaan notes that the suffix then remains unclear…

It is from Latin hiō (“to gape”) + -scō. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of hiō, which he traces to Proto-Italic *χi-ā-; his reconstruction for the verb with the inchoative suffix is…

Wiktionary derives it from Latin Hispānia + -ānus. Georges and Köbler see the relation the other way round, taking the people's name ⟨Hispānī⟩ as the base of the country's name; Köbler takes it to…