Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin gignō (“to beget”) + -īvus, built on the participle genitus. In grammar it is a calque of Ancient Greek γενική (genikḗ).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γραφεῖον (grapheîon, “stylus”), from γράφω (gráphō, “to scratch, write”). DynaMorphPro and Lewis and Short give the Greek form as γραφίον (graphíon).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἅρπη (hárpē, “sickle; a bird of prey”). Köbler compares the Greek word with Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“sickle, hook”).

1. The adjective “unread” is from Latin in- (“not”) + lēctus (“gathered; read”), the past participle of legō (“to gather, read”) with the negative prefix. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin in- + mānsuētus (“tame”). De Vaan lists mānsuētus among the derivatives of suēscō (“to become accustomed”) and explains it from ⟨*manu-suēto-⟩, a compound with manus (“hand”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + perturbātus (“disturbed”), from the participle of perturbō (“to upset, disrupt”), a compound of turbō (“to agitate”), which comes from turba (“turmoil, crowd”). The…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + corrēctus (“corrected”), the past participle of corrigō (“to put straight, correct”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + custōdītus (“guarded”), from the participle of custōdiō (“to guard”), which is derived from custōs (“guardian”). The origin of custōs is unclear: de Vaan rejects as…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin indignor (“to be indignant, resent”). That verb is formed from indignus (“unworthy”).

It is a verb from Latin in- + dūrus (“hard”) + -ō. De Vaan traces dūrus to Proto-Italic *dūro- and Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ro- (“far, long”), comparing Sanskrit दूर (dūrá-, “far, distant”) and…

It is from Latin īnfestus (“hostile, unsafe”) + -ō. De Vaan finds the origin of īnfestus unclear. He tentatively reconstructs Proto-Italic *en-fristo- (“rushing in”), which would fit if festīnō (“to…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + trepidus (“alarmed, anxious”). Etymonline traces trepidus to Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to tremble”).

It is formed from Latin lucrum (“gain, profit”) + -ōsus.

It is from Latin marītus + -ālis, from marītus (“husband”). De Vaan traces marītus to Proto-Italic *mareito- (“having a young woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *mor-(e)i- (“young woman”).

1. The adjective is from Latin medicō (“to heal; to treat with a drug”): its perfect passive participle, used as an adjective. That verb is formed from medicus (“doctor”), which de Vaan derives from…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Μέδουσα (Médousa), which Wiktionary derives from μέδω (médō, “to rule over”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις (metamórphōsis, “transformation”), from μεταμορφόω (metamorphóō, “to transform”), made of μετά (metá) and μορφή (morphḗ, “shape, form”).

1. The adjective “melodious” is the perfect participle from Latin modulor (“to measure rhythmically, set to music”), used as an adjective. The verb is from modulus (“small measure”), which de Vaan…

It is from Latin narrō + -tus, a fourth-declension action noun from the verb meaning “to tell, relate”. The verb narrō is a Proto-Italic formation from the adjective seen in gnārus “knowing”.

It is from Latin nemus (“grove, wood”) + -ālis. De Vaan traces nemus to Proto-Italic *nem-os- and Proto-Indo-European *nem-o/es- (“what is distributed, sacrifice”): the sense “forest, holy…

It is from Latin occidō (“to fall, set”) + -uus. The grammarians Nonius and Eutyches also explain it from the verb, as “things that set”.

It is from Latin occurrō (“to run to meet”) + -tus, like accursus and recursus. occurrō is a compound of ob- and currō (“to run”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pV(l)pVl-, in de Vaan's notation. He explains ⟨pā-piliō⟩ as a reduplication of a root ⟨*pl-⟩ “to fly, flutter”, which also formed the Balto-Slavic word for the…

It is from Latin parēns (“parent”) + -ālis.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”). Köbler, Pokorny and Wiktionary trace the Greek word to Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“spotted, speckled”), the root Pokorny also sees in…

The OLD takes it as from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + vigil (“awake, watchful”), while the TLL explains it as a back-formation from pervigilō (“to stay awake all night”). De Vaan traces vigil to…

It is from Latin piger (“sluggish, lazy”) + -ē. The adjective goes back to Proto-Italic *pig-ro- (“inactive”), beside *pig-ē- (“to fill with revulsion”); de Vaan finds the root etymology unknown.

It is formed from Latin prae- (“before; very”) + gravis (“heavy”). De Vaan traces gravis to Proto-Italic *gwra(w)u- and Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-u- (“heavy”), with cognates such as Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + gustō (“to taste”). De Vaan takes gustō as an intensive built on an old past participle Proto-Italic *gusto- (“tasted”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵ(e)us- (“to…

It is from Latin praesāgiō (“to have a presentiment”) according to the TLL; the OLD derives it from the adjective praesāgus (“foreboding”) with -ium. De Vaan notes that ⟨praesāgīre⟩ is recorded…

It is from Latin procella (“violent wind, storm”) + -ōsus (“full of”). De Vaan takes procella as probably derived from prōcellō (“to throw violently forward”), a compound of the verb ⟨-cellō⟩ found…

It is formed from Latin prōdigium (“portent, prodigy”) + -ōsus. Wiktionary takes prōdigium to be formed from prō-, aiō (“to say”) and -ium.

It is from Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Indo-European *prus-u̯o- (“sprinkling, drop”), through a development *prusu̯īna > *pruwīna.

It is from Latin puella (“girl”) + -āris. De Vaan explains puella as from ⟨*puere-la⟩, “little girl”, a diminutive of puer (“boy”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *puwero-; the further connection…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πυγμαῖος (pugmaîos, “fist-sized”); the people's name, Πυγμαῖοι (Pugmaîoi), comes from πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist”). Georges renders the name as “fist-sized ones”, that is…

It is from Latin rāmus (“branch”) + -ālis, the neuter of the adjective used as a noun. De Vaan explains rāmus as possibly from Proto-Italic *wrā(d)mo-, if it is cognate with rādīx (“root”).

It is from Latin reclīnō (“to lean back”), which the TLL describes as a back-formation, comparing inclīnis; the OLD analyses it as the verb with the suffix ⟨-is⟩, like acclīnis. The verb is a…

It is from Latin re- + colligō (“to gather, collect”). That verb is a compound of com- and legō (“to gather”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-e/o- (“to collect”).

It is from Latin re- + foveō (“to keep warm, cherish”). De Vaan traces foveō to Proto-Italic *foχweje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰogʷʰ-eie- (“to burn”).

It is from Latin refugiō (“to flee back”) + -us, and that verb is a compound of re- and fugiō (“to flee”). The simple verb goes back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”) and is cognate with…

It is from Latin reparō (“to restore, recover”) + -bilis, though the TLL allows that it may instead have been formed back from irreparābilis.

It is from Latin repetō (“to seek again, claim back”) + -tor.

It is the gerundive from Latin revereor (“to stand in awe of, revere”), used as an adjective meaning worthy to be revered. The verb is vereor (“to fear, respect”) with the prefix re-.

It is from Latin rūsticus (“of the country, rustic”) + -tās. De Vaan derives rūsticus from Proto-Italic *rowes-tiko-, an adjective made from the noun that became rūs (“the country, farmland”); that…

It is from Latin spectō (“to watch, look at”) + -bilis. spectō is the frequentative of speciō (“to look”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *spekje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-ie/o- (“to…

It is from Latin spissus (“thick, dense”) + -ō.

1. The word for the fish is borrowed from Ancient Greek συνόδους (sunódous), formed from συν- (sun-, “together”) and ὀδούς (odoús, “tooth”), literally “with teeth meeting one another”. 2. The word…

It is from Latin viscum (“mistletoe; birdlime”) + -ō. De Vaan takes viscum as an inherited word or a European loanword for the mistletoe or another fruit-bearing tree, comparing Ancient Greek ἰξός…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas, “unconquerable; adamant”). The Greek word is either from ἀ- (a-, “not”) and δαμνάω (damnáō, “to tame, conquer”), or of Semitic origin.

It is from Latin ad- + volvō (“to roll”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αἰγίς (aigís). Etymonline reports that Herodotus related the Greek word to Ancient Greek αἴξ (aíx, “goat”). Servius explains the aegis as the hide of the goat…

It is a compound from Latin aequus (“equal”) + aevum (“age”) + -us. De Vaan finds no convincing etymology for ⟨aequus⟩, probably from ⟨*aikwos⟩.

It is from Latin āla (“wing”) + -ātus. Etymonline explains ⟨āla⟩ from ⟨*axla⟩, originally the joint of the wing or arm, from Proto-Indo-European *aks- (“axis”).

It is from Latin āla (“wing”) + -ger (“bearing”). Etymonline explains ⟨āla⟩ from ⟨*axla⟩, originally the joint of the wing or arm, from Proto-Indo-European *aks- (“axis”).

It is from Latin bi- (“two”) + via (“road, way”) + -ius. De Vaan traces ⟨via⟩ to Proto-Italic *wijā- (“road”), from Proto-Indo-European *wih₁-eh₂- (“pursuit”).

Its intervocalic ⟨f⟩ shows that it is a loan from another Italic dialect. It seems to have meant any small creeping animal: Servius glosses it as a land frog, while another gloss calls it a wood…

It is possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kers- (“to scratch, card”), cognate with Middle Low German harsch (“hairy”). The OLD compares cārō “to card wool”.

It has no clear etymology. Muller suggested a link with cārō “to card wool”, and the suffix -ex, -icis is found in many tree and plant names, many of them without etymology. Wiktionary compares…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia), from κάστανα (kástana, “chestnuts”). Köbler adds that the Greek word was probably borrowed from a language of Asia Minor.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos, “chasm, void”). Etymonline traces the Greek word to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”). In Classical Latin only the nominative and…