Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

The origin is disputed. The OLD and Köbler take it as a Germanic word, and Köbler gives it as borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ūrōn; Georges compares Old High German ūr, and the OLD compares Old Norse…

It is from Latin vadum (“shallow water, ford”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces that noun to Proto-Italic *waþo- and Proto-Indo-European *uh₂dʰ-o-, from a root meaning “to advance”, the source also of vādō…

It is from Latin veniō (“to come”) + -itō, a frequentative. De Vaan traces veniō to Proto-Italic *gʷn-je/o- (“to come”) and Proto-Indo-European *gʷm-ie/o- (“to come”), comparing Sanskrit गच्छति…

It is from Latin accelerō (“to hasten”) + -tiō.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀρκτικός (arktikós, “northern, of the Bear”), from ἄρκτος (árktos, “bear; the constellation of the Bear”). Köbler connects ⟨ἄρκτος⟩, with a query, with…

It is from Latin casa (“hut, cottage”) + -ula, a diminutive. De Vaan finds the origin of casa unclear: Walde and Hofmann explain it as a dialectal form of Proto-Italic *kat-ja, from a root meaning…

The TLL, Lewis & Short and Georges call it a Semitic word, which the Greeks identified, from Ancient Greek κώθων (kṓthōn); Köbler marks the Semitic origin with a query.

It is from Latin intentus (“intent, attentive”) + -ē, from the participle of intendō (“to stretch, direct”). De Vaan lists intendō among the compounds of tendō (“to stretch”), which goes back to…

It is from Latin līmus (“mud, slime”) + -ōsus. De Vaan derives līmus from Proto-Italic *(s)le/oimo- and connects it either with the Germanic word for loam, as Old English lām, or with the Germanic…

The OLD takes it as from Latin lūna (“moon”) + -ātus, while Lewis & Short and Georges treat it as the participle of lūnō (“to bend into a crescent”), itself made from that noun. De Vaan traces lūna…

It is from Latin mundus (“clean, neat”) + -ō.

It is from Latin nōdus (“knot”) + -ōsus. De Vaan reconstructs nōdus as Proto-Indo-European *nōdo- (“knot”), also possible as *noHdo- or *neh3do-, but calls its root etymology uncertain and allows a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πλάγιος (plágios, “slanting, sideways”).

It is from Latin purgō (“to clean, purify”) + -men. De Vaan lists the verb under agō (“to drive, do”): purgō goes back to the older form pūrigāre, made from pūrus (“clean”), which he traces to…

It is from Latin spatium (“space, room”) + -ōsus. De Vaan finds no secure etymology for spatium: a participle meaning “fattened, extended” is possible but cannot be confirmed, and a link with pateō…

It is from Latin vigeō (“to thrive, be strong”) + -or. De Vaan lists it under ⟨vigeō⟩, from Proto-Italic *weg-ē- and Proto-Indo-European *u̯eǵ-eh₁- (“to be strong”), cognate with Sanskrit वाज…

It is from Latin virīlis (“of a man, manly”) + -tās. The adjective is formed from vir (“man”), probably on its genitive ⟨virī⟩; de Vaan traces ⟨vir⟩ to Proto-Italic *wiro- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin ad- + natō (“to swim”). De Vaan explains natō as built on an old participle of nō (“to swim”), from Proto-Italic *(s)nato- and ultimately Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim…

It is formed from Latin antecēdō (“to go before, precede”) + -tor.

It is from Latin con- + vulnerō (“to wound”), with the prefix strengthening the verb. vulnerō is made from vulnus (“wound”).

It is from Latin prae- (“very”) + altus (“high, deep”). De Vaan traces altus to Proto-Italic *alto- (“high”) and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-to-; he notes that it looks like the participle of…

The OLD calls the origin doubtful. Lewis & Short and Köbler derive it from Latin scandō (“to climb”), the shingles rising like steps one above another; de Vaan traces ⟨scandō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin trepido (“to tremble, waver”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin lapis (“stone”) + -ō.

It is probably a diminutive from Latin stīria (“frozen drop, icicle”). The OLD gives this with “perhaps”. Wiktionary compares Ancient Greek στίλη (stílē, “minute particle, a drop”), which Döderlein…

It is from Latin compositus, its neuter, ⟨compositus⟩ being the participle of compōnō “to put together”, used as a noun. ⟨compōnō⟩ is from con- and pōnō (“to put”); de Vaan explains ⟨pōnō⟩ from…

It is from Latin contingō (“to touch”) + -tus, an action noun. Contingō is from con- and tangō “to touch”.

It is from Latin crēdulus (“credulous”) + -tās; ⟨crēdulus⟩ is from crēdō “to believe”, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *ḱred-dʰeh₁- (“to place in the heart, believe”).

It is from Latin exerceō (“to keep busy, train”) + -ium.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + cūriōsus (“careful”), or from incūria “carelessness” with -ōsus. De Vaan, following Leumann, takes ⟨cūriōsus⟩ as a back-formation from ⟨incūriōsus⟩; he reconstructs…

It is from Latin in- + iungō (“to join”). De Vaan traces iungō to Proto-Italic *jung-e/o- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *(H)iunégti (“to yoke”). Cognate with Sanskrit युनज्मि (yunájmi…

It is from Latin intendō (“to stretch, direct”), its participle.

It is from Latin inter (“between”) + -nus, from a pre-Latin ⟨*interos⟩ “inside”, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner”). Priscian derives it from intrā.

It is from Latin iugulō (“to cut the throat, kill”) + -tiō. That verb is formed from iugulum (“throat”), which de Vaan places with iugum (“yoke”) and iungō (“to join”): it probably meant a small…

Its origin is uncertain. The OLD suggests it is perhaps Etruscan, and Köbler follows Walde and Hofmann in deriving it from Etruscan. Lewis and Short compared linquō “to leave”.

It is from Latin obtendō (“to spread before”) + -tus, from ob- and tendō “to stretch”. De Vaan traces ⟨tendō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *ten-d(ʰ)- (“to stretch”).

It is the frequentative from Latin pendō (“to hang; to weigh”) + -tō. De Vaan traces ⟨pendō⟩ to Proto-Italic *pend-e/o- (“to hang, weigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to spin”).

It is from Latin pōnō (“to put, place”) + -tus.

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + mātūrus (“ripe, timely”). De Vaan derives mātūrus from a noun Proto-Italic *mātu- (“ripeness”), Proto-Indo-European *meh2-tu- (“ripeness”), probably from the same…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sakrāō, by surface analysis sacer “sacred” with the verb suffix -ō.

It is from Latin trahō (“to draw, drag”) + -tus, the suffix of action nouns.

It is from Latin accurrō (“to run up”) + -tus. accurrō is a compound of ad- and currō (“to run”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *krs-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin arma (“weapons”) + -fer (“bearing”). De Vaan traces arma to Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)r-mo- (“fitting”), from the root meaning “to join”: its meaning moved from what is fitted…

It is from Latin asina (“she-ass”) + -ella, a diminutive. asina is the feminine of asinus (“ass, donkey”), which de Vaan takes to be a fairly recent loanword, since its /s/ between vowels did not…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek βλαισός (blaisós), although, as the TLL notes, the Latin word differs in meaning from what the Greek one is recorded to mean.

1. The adjective “carefully considered, cautious” is from Latin circumspiciō (“to look around; to consider”), its past participle. That verb is a compound of circum (“around”) and speciō (“to…

1. The club-bearing adjective is from Latin clāva (“club, cudgel”) + -ger (“bearing”). The second part is from gerō (“to carry”). 2. The key-bearing adjective is from Latin clāvis (“key”) + -ger…

It is from Latin con- (“together”) + mīles (“soldier”) + -ium, or, as the OLD puts it, from commīles (“fellow soldier”) with the suffix ⟨-ium⟩. De Vaan calls the first element of mīles unclear…

It is from Latin con- (“with, together”) + terminus (“boundary”), and the TLL compares cōnfīnis.

It is from Latin decēns (“fitting, becoming”) + -ter, the adverb of the participle of decet (“it is fitting”). De Vaan traces decet to Proto-Italic *dek-ē- (“it fits, is right”) and…

It is from Latin dis- + fāma (“report, rumour”), with the verbal ending of the first conjugation. The TLL compares īnfāmō (“to bring into disrepute”); Etymonline takes ⟨dis-⟩ here as suggesting…

It is formed from Latin ex- + iaculor, from the prefix ex- (“out”) and iaculor (“to throw, hurl”), which comes from iaculum (“javelin, dart”), from iaciō (“to throw”).

It is formed from Latin ēvītō (“to avoid”) + -bilis.

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect participle from Latin exigō (“to drive out; to weigh, examine”). That verb is ex- with agō (“to drive”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin ex- + asperō (“to make rough”). asperō is made from asper (“rough”), whose origin de Vaan thinks uncertain: perhaps Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp-i- (“cutting”), with Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin ex- + stimulō (“to goad”), from stimulus (“goad”). The TLL glosses it as to goad strongly.

It is from Latin ex- + ululō (“to howl”). De Vaan calls that verb an onomatopoeia for a sound like /u/; a form ⟨*ul-⟩ or ⟨*ulul-⟩ may already have existed in Proto-Indo-European, but this cannot be…

It is from Latin flūmen (“river”) + -eus, “of a river”. The noun flūmen is formed from fluō (“to flow”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *bʰleuH- (“to flow (over)”).

It is from Latin fōns (“spring, fountain”) + -ānus. That noun goes back to Proto-Italic *fonti- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰonh₂-ti- (“flowing”).

It is from Latin formīdō (“to fear”) + -bilis, from the verb ⟨formīdō⟩, which is formed on the noun formīdō (“fear, dread”).