𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan), a strong verb of class III.^[1][2][3] Its principal parts are 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan), 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 (band), 𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼 (bundum) and the past participle 𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (bundans).^[4] The simple verb is recorded only in the past participle 𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (bundans), once.^[2][5] Miller gives the infinitive and the preterite forms from compounds: the infinitive in 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan) and 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gabindan), the third person singular preterite in and-band (Mark 4:34) and ga-band (Mark 6:17), and the plural preterite in and-bundun (Mark 11:4) and ga-bundun (John 18:12).^[6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *bindaną (“to bind”),^[7][8] a strong verb continued by Old Norse binda, Old English bindan, Old Frisian binda, Old Saxon bindan and Old High German bintan.^[8][9] Köbler traces it to the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”), and Kroonen reconstructs a thematic present *bʰéndʰ-e- beside the nasal present of a Sanskrit verb meaning "to bind, tie".^[2][8] Orel compares Avestan bandayeiti (“binds”).^[9] Uhlenbeck and Lehmann add Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “cable, rope”) and πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”), Latin offendix (“knot, band”) and Lithuanian bendras (“companion”).^[10][11] Lehmann notes that offendimentum (“chin-strap”), cited by Feist and Uhlenbeck, may be a faulty reading.^[11][12] Grienberger put 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (bansts, “barn”) with this verb;^[13] Uhlenbeck worked out the preform that this would require.^[13]

Attestation

The simple verb occurs once, as the participle bundans at Luke 8:29 in manuscript CA.^[5][2] PROIEL aligns it with Ancient Greek δεσμεύω (desmeúō).^[14] Köbler gives the Greek infinitive δεσμεύειν (desmeúein) and Latin vincire as the Latin equivalent.^[2] Luke 8:29 reads jah bundans was eisarnabandjom, "and he was bound with iron fetters".^[15]

Meanings

1. to bind someone, with the thing bound with in the dative^[1][16]
2. to tie up, tether^[17]

Word family

• 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan, “to unbind, loose”)
• 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bibindan, “to bind around”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gabindan, “to bind fast”)
• 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 (bandja, “prisoner”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰 (gabinda, “bond”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi, “bond, tie”)

Related words

• 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 (bandi, “fetter”)

Usage notes

The compound 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan) has the literal sense "unbind, untie" in twelve of its occurrences and the figurative sense "explain" in one, at Mark 4:34.^[18][16] Casaretto takes 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi) as a noun formed directly to 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gabindan), not to an older Germanic noun for "band".^[19]

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. bindan
2. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. bindan
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 272
4. ^ Streitberg, Wilhelm (1920), Gotisches Elementarbuch, 5th–6th ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. § 205
5. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
6. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181
7. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽
8. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 64
9. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *ƀenđanan
10. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 27
11. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. bindan
12. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. bindan
13. ^ a b Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1905), Bemerkungen zum gotischen Wortschatz, Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 30, 252ff.
14. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
15. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 8:29
16. ^ a b Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 53
17. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 172
18. ^ Bucsko, Ferenc (2008), Preverbs in Gothic, PhD thesis, University of Georgia
19. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter