*bʰendʰ-

Reconstruction

LIV writes the root *bʰendʰ- 'to bind', and Kölligan's lexicon chapter in HCHIEL lists it for 'tie, bind'.^[1][2] Beekes writes *bhendh-,^[3] Matasović *bʰendʰ-,^[4] and Mallory and Adams *bhendh-.^[5] LIV reports Olsen's view that the root was originally *bʰendh₁-, already *bʰendʰ- in the proto-language, with the laryngeal still reflected in the Vedic nā-present.^[1]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs only one formation for the proto-language, and that with a query: a full-grade thematic present ?*bʰéndʰ-e-, continued in Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan, “to bind”).^[1] Kroonen sets up *bhéndh-e- for the Germanic strong verb.^[6] LIV counts as branch innovations the nā-present of Sanskrit अबध्नात् (ábadhnāt, “bound”) and of Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌽 (andbundnan, “to be loosened”), the causative-iterative of Avestan baṇdaiieiti (“binds”) and Old English bendan (“to bind, to stretch”), and the perfect of Sanskrit बबन्ध (babándha, “has bound”) and of the Gothic preterite.^[1] Kroonen derives Sanskrit बध्नाति (badhnáti, “binds”) from *bhndh-néh₂- and Old Persian basta- (“bound”) from *bhndh-to-.^[6]

Evidence

The verb survives in Germanic and Indo-Iranian, and nouns in Greek, Baltic and Celtic.^[5][4] Buck notes that this is the only root shared by the usual verbs for 'bind' in more than one main branch, Germanic and Indo-Iranian.^[7] No Anatolian form is cited, and Adams thinks a derivation of Tocharian B pānto (“support, help”) from this root less likely than from *peh₂- 'protect'.^[8]

Competing analyses

Beekes allows that Ancient Greek πάσχω (páskhō, “to suffer”) may belong here, as an old verb with a very different meaning.^[9] LIV prefers the connection with Lithuanian kenčiù (“I suffer”), but that would need a root *kʷendʰ- which breaks the rules of PIE root structure.^[9] Derksen also thinks the identification of páskhō with *bhendh- the best option.^[10] Frisk derived Ancient Greek φάτνη (phátnē, “manger”) from *bhn̥dh-n-h₂-, but Beekes calls it unrelated.^[11][3] De Vaan allows Latin funda (“leather strap, sling”) to go back to *bhondh-h₂- 'tie, strap', or to be a loan from an unknown language, perhaps the same as for Ancient Greek σφενδόνη (sphendónē, “sling”).^[12] Chantraine rejects Guny's derivation of both words from this root,^[13] while Mallory and Adams set up *(s)bhond-nehₐ 'strap, sling' from it.^[14]

Meanings

1. to bind,^[1] to tie^[2]

Mallory and Adams see an extended social sense in the kinship terms for 'companion' and 'father-in-law'.^[5] Beekes reads Ancient Greek πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”) as literally 'ally'.^[15]

Derivatives

• *bhendh-er-o-, in Ancient Greek πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”) and Lithuanian beñdras (“participant, sharer”), beside Sanskrit बन्धु (bándhu, “relative”).^[15] Mallory and Adams set it up as weakly attested *bhendhr̥ros 'relation'.^[16]
• *bhendh-s-men-, in Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “rope, cable”).^[6]
• *bʰn̥dʰ-tu-, in Proto-Celtic *banssu- (“custom, habit”).^[4]

Reflexes

• Germanic: Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan, “to bind”), Old Norse binda (“to bind”), Old High German bintan (“to bind”).^[6]
• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit बध्नाति (badhnáti, “binds”), perfect Sanskrit बबन्ध (babándha).^[17]
• Iranian: Avestan baṇdaiieiti (“binds”), per LIV;^[1] Cheung's root Proto-Iranian *band (“to bind”) has reflexes across the later Iranian languages.^[18]
• Greek: Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “rope, cable”).^[3]
• Baltic: Lithuanian beñdras (“participant, partner”).^[19]
• Celtic: Old Irish bés (“custom, habit”), Old Irish buinne (“bracelet”).^[4][20]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *bʰendʰ-
2. ^ a b Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. p. 2252
3. ^ a b c Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πεῖσμα
4. ^ a b c d Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 55
5. ^ a b c Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 380
6. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 64
7. ^ Buck, Carl Darling (1949), A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, Chicago, p. 545
8. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 391
9. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πάσχω
10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 255
11. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. φάτνη
12. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. funda
13. ^ Chantraine, Pierre (2009), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: histoire des mots, new ed. with a supplement (Chroniques d'étymologie grecque 1–10), Paris: Klincksieck, p. 1076
14. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 235
15. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πενθερός
16. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 216
17. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 406
18. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb, Leiden: Brill, p. 29
19. ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2018), Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, Berlin: Peter Lang, p. 148
20. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 70