*bindaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *bindaną in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] *ƀenđanan in Orel,^[3] and *bendan or *bindan in Köbler.^[4] Kroonen cites it by its stem *bindan- and calls it a strong verb of IE origin.^[5]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, to bind”);^[1][2][4] Wiktionary starts from the PIE present *bʰéndʰ-e-ti.^[2]

Morphology

A strong verb of class III.^[6][7] Ringe gives its forms as present third person singular *bindidi, past third person singular *band, plural *bundun.^[8] The *i of the present comes from *e, raised before a nasal in the same syllable.^[8] Ringe notes that this was the only change that split the otherwise uniform third class, beside *helpaną, *hilpidi, *halp, *hulpun "to help".^[8] Mailhammer counts it among the strong verbs with an accepted Indo-European etymology.^[9]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan) in Gothic, Old Norse binda in Old Norse, and Old English bindan, Old Frisian binda, Old Saxon bindan and Old High German bintan in West Germanic.^[5] The simple Gothic verb occurs only as the past participle Gothic 𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (bundans) at Luke 8:29, beside the compounds Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andbindan, “to unbind”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bibindan, “to bind around”) and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gabindan, “to bind”).^[6] EWA notes that the verb has counterparts in every Germanic dialect, and that its connections outside Germanic are convincing in form and meaning.^[10] Feist and de Vries compare Latin offendimentum (“chin strap of a priest's cap”).^[11][12]

Meanings

1. to bind, to tie^[5][8][2][4]

Old English also used the verb for "to fetter" and "to adorn",^[13] Old Frisian for "to oblige, to be binding on",^[14] and Notker's Old High German for "to convict".^[10]

Derivatives

• *bandī "bond, fetter", an ih₂-stem.^[15][16]
• *banda- "band, bond", an a-stem,^[15] which Orel writes *ƀanđan.^[17]
• *bandijaną "to bend a bow", Kroonen's *bandjan-, the causative, identical to Avestan baṇdaiieiti (“binds”).^[15][18]
• *bunda- "binding", a zero-grade noun.^[19]
• With prefixes: *andabindaną "to unbind", *gabindaną "to bind" and *bibindaną "to bind around".^[20][21][22]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan, “to bind”)^[11]
• Old Norse: binda (“to bind”)^[12]
• Old English: bindan (“to bind, to fetter, to adorn”)^[13]
• Old Frisian: binda (“to bind, to fetter; to oblige”)^[14]
• Old Saxon: bindan (“to bind, to fetter”)^[23]
• Old High German: bintan (“to bind, to tie, to fetter”)^[10]

References

1. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 174
2. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bindaną
3. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *ƀenđanan
4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *bendan
5. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 64
6. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. *bindan
7. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altnordisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary database copy), p. s.v. binda
8. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 252
9. ^ Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 217
10. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. bintan
11. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. bindan
12. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. binda
13. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. bindan
14. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. binda
15. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 51
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bandī
17. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *ƀanđan
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bandijaną
19. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 84
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *andabindaną
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gabindaną
22. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *bibindaną
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. bindan