partidă

Forms

partidă f (plural partide)^[1] The older plural partizi occurs in Russo: „după patima partizilor și după placul opiniei mulțimei”, “according to the passions of the parties and the whim of the crowd”.^[2] An old variant partită is recorded, and survives as the name of the suite in music.^[3][2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Modern Greek παρτίδα (partída), with Italian partita and French partie as further models.^[3][2][1] Tiktin names Italian and Greek,^[4] the DN Greek, comparing the Italian,^[5] and Graur says the word came through Greek.^[6] Șăineanu considered it modelled on Italian and French.^[7] The Greek word was borrowed from Venetian partida,^[1][8][9] which Babiniotis traces to a Late Latin feminine participle of Latin partior (“to divide, share”).^[10] The French word is the past participle of the old verb partir (“to share”), used as a noun from 1119.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Both early senses appear in 1829, in the texts the DLR and MDA2 cite as AR: a political faction, „o partidă puternică în favorul rigăi de Spania”, “a strong party in favour of the King of Spain”, and a game of cards, „în toate serile face partida sa de vist”, “every evening he plays his game of whist”.^[2][3] Tiktin also dates the word to 1829.^[4]

Semantic evolution

In its early records the word often meant a faction or party, as in Bălcescu and Barițiu, with the phrases a fi de partida cuiva “to be on someone's side” and a lua partida cuiva “to take someone's part”.^[2] That sense is now dated: political parties are partide of the neuter partid.^[12][3] The sense “game” is used first of cards and knucklebones, later of fencing and other sports, with the phrase a pierde partida “to fail”.^[2][12] From French came partidă de plăcere, a pleasure party or outing, and partidă de vânătoare, a hunting party.^[13][12] Negruzzi has the sense “match in marriage”: a mother is delighted to see such a partidă offered.^[2] Costinescu in 1870 recorded the commercial senses, an entry in an account and single or double entry bookkeeping.^[14] Later dictionaries add a lot of goods and a part in a musical piece.^[12][5]

Timeline

• 1829 – “faction” and “game of cards” in the first records.^[2][3]
• 1870 – Costinescu records the accounting senses and partidă de plăcere.^[14]
• 1929 – Șăineanu gives “person to marry”, “outing”, “game” and “account”.^[7]

Meanings

Noun

1. A complete game or match, from start to result: o partidă de șah “a game of chess”;^[12][3] a pierde partida “to lose out, to fail”.^[12][3]
2. An outing or entertainment in a group: partidă de vânătoare “hunting party”.^[12][5]
3. A marriage or marriage prospect, especially an advantageous one; the person one might marry: o partidă bună “a good match”.^[12][15]
4. (dated) A faction, a political party;^[12][3] a lua partida cuiva “to take someone's side”.^[12][3]
5. (accounting) An account;^[12] partidă dublă “double-entry bookkeeping”, partidă simplă “single-entry bookkeeping”.^[12]
6. A lot of goods bought or sold at once.^[12][16]
7. (music) The part played by one member of an ensemble or by a group in unison.^[12][16]

Related words

• partid
• parte

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. partidă
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 276
4. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. partídă
5. ^ a b c Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România
6. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
7. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 466
8. ^ Kriaras, Emmanuel, Επιτομή του Λεξικού της μεσαιωνικής ελληνικής δημώδους γραμματείας 1100–1669, Κέντρο Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, https://www.greek-language.gr
9. ^ Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
10. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek], Athens: Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας
11. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 779
13. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 331
14. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 255
15. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună
16. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual