Etymology and origin of the Romanian word nici
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, spelled nece More words from the 15th century
- Inherited from
- Latin neque
- Ultimate origin
- Latin neque
Pronunciation
- [nitʃʲ][1]
Forms
nici[1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin neque (“and not, nor”).[2][3][4][1] Old Romanian wrote it ⟨nece⟩, as Scriban and Șăineanu note.[5][6] The Latin word is nē (“not”) with -que (“and”).[7] It continues Proto-Indo-European *nékʷe (“and not, neither, nor”).[1]
It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian nitsi and Megleno-Romanian niți.[2][8][9] Its Romance cognates include French ni, Occitan ni, Catalan ni, Spanish ni and Portuguese nem.[2][10]
The compound niciun “no, none” continues the same word with ūnus (“one”).[2][4][11] It has parallels in Aromanian nițiun and Istro-Romanian niciur.[2][12] Other languages formed the same idea differently, as Italian nessuno and Spanish ningún.[2]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first records are in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, which writes nece in the first psalm and nice elsewhere.[13][14] MDA2 dates the word from the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583).[3] The modern spelling nici first appears in the Psaltirea Scheiană (c. 1573–1578).[15]
Semantic evolution
The word joined negative clauses, “neither … nor”, and strengthened a single negation, “not even”.[3][16] Old texts sometimes used it without nu;[17] DLRLC calls this old, regional and archaising.[17] MDA2 also records a rare old use linking a positive clause to a negative one.[3]
It formed adverbs that are now single words: niciodată “never”, nicicum “in no way”, niciunde “nowhere” and nicicând “never”.[2] Pisone's dictionary of 1865 already lists nici odată and nici unul.[18]
Timeline
- early 16th century – nece and nice in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.[13]
- c. 1563–1583 – in the Codicele Voronețean, MDA2's first record.[3]
- c. 1573–1578 – the spelling nici in the Psaltirea Scheiană.[15]
- 1865 – nici odată “never” and nici unul “none” in Pisone's dictionary.[18]
Meanings
Adverb
- not even; it strengthens a negation, usually together with nu: Nici nu m-a salutat. “He didn't even say hello.”[16][1]
- In nici că “not at all”.[16]
Conjunction
- neither … nor; it joins negative clauses or parts of a negative clause: Nici nu citește, nici nu scrie. “He neither reads nor writes.”[16][1]
- In nici una, nici două “straight away, without warning”, and in nici tu … nici tu …, as in nici tu casă, nici tu masă “neither house nor table”, said of someone very poor.[16][19]
Word family
Related words
Usage notes
A separate regional noun nici means the hard front of a pig's snout.[20][3] It is used south of the Olt, was recorded in 1923, and is of unknown origin.[20][3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. nici
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 153
- ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 102
- ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 872
- ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 430
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 743
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 207
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 5868
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 5896
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 774
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 1:5
- ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 36:26
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 77:26
- ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 716
- ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 209
- ^ a b Pisone, Domițian (1865), Dictionariu românescu, latinescu, germanescu și francescu, lucrat după sistemul Lexiconului de Buda, București: Typografia Ioann Weiss, p. 253
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. nici
- ^ a b Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. nici
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Nici.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/nici. Accessed 11 Nov. 2026.
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