treinar

Forms

treinar (first-person singular present treino, first-person singular preterite treinei, past participle treinado)^[1] A variant trenar is also recorded.^[2][1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French traîner (“to pull, drag”).^[3][4][5][1] Cunha, Nascentes and Aurélio give the older form Old French traïner.^[6][7][8] The French verb comes from Vulgar Latin *tragīnō, a derivative of *tragō, an altered form of Latin trahō (“to pull, drag”).^[6][3][9]

In Portuguese it was first a term of falconry: to train a hawk to seize a wild bird by feeding it on a hen placed on a tame bird of the same kind, so that it lost its fear of that prey.^[3][10] Houaiss holds that the sense “to train an athlete or a team” comes from the English verb train, itself from the same French verb.^[3] Silva Bastos and Michaelis instead derive the verb from the noun treina, the bird on which the hawk was fed.^[11][12] Cunha takes the noun from French traîne.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cunha dates the verb to the 16th century, with the sense “to train birds for hunting”.^[6] Houaiss's first record is of 1616, in a treatise on falconry, in the same hunting sense.^[3]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau (1712–1728) still marks it as a term of high falconry, and Morais (1789) defines it as accustoming a hunting bird to the bait of its prey, quoting a book on hunting: treinem-se os gaviões em frangos “let the sparrowhawks be trained on chickens”.^[10][13] Vieira (1871–1874) adds the figurative reflexive “to grow used to anything”.^[14]

Silva Bastos (1912) marks the reflexive “to exercise oneself” as a neologism, and the old Caldas Aulete gives it for practising for sports.^[11][15] The nouns treino, treinador and treinamento are all 20th-century.^[6] In Brazil it is used intransitively for working out.^[1]

Timeline

• 16th century – first records, in falconry.^[6]
• 1616 – first date Houaiss gives, in a falconry text.^[3]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau describes it as a term of falconry.^[10]
• 1789 – Morais: to accustom a hunting bird to its prey.^[13]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira adds the figurative “to grow used to something”.^[14]
• 1912 – Silva Bastos records “to exercise oneself” as new.^[11]
• 20th century – first records of treino, treinador and treinamento.^[6]

Meanings

Verb

1. (falconry, transitive) To feed hunting birds with bait so as to train them.^[3][5]
2. (transitive) To make able or skilled through instruction or exercise; to train, coach: treinar os novos funcionários.^[3][8][1]
3. (transitive) To practise an activity regularly: treinar o remate.^[3][15]
4. (intransitive and pronominal) To prepare oneself for a competition;^[3][1] (chiefly Brazil) to work out.^[3][1]

Word family

• treino
• treinador
• treinamento

Related words

• trazer
• French traîner
• English train

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda (1975), Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, p. 1428
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. treinar
4. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. treinar
5. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. treinar
6. ^ a b c d e f g Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. treinar
7. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. treinar
8. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. treinar
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. traîner
10. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. treinar
11. ^ a b c Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. treinar
12. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. treinar
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 487
14. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 807
15. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. treinar