Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word seu
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1242–1252 spelt sous More words from the 13th century
- Inherited from
- Latin suus
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Indo-European *sewos
Etymology tree
Forms
seu (feminine sua, masculine plural seus, feminine plural suas)[1] Houaiss records seo (1152), sous (1242–1252), seu (13th century), seos and sseus (14th century) and sus (15th century).[2] The old feminine was sa.[1][3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin suus (“his, her, their own”), written Old Galician-Portuguese seu and Old Galician-Portuguese sou in the oldest texts.[2][1][3] The form ⟨seu⟩ was remade after meu: the glossary of the Cancioneiro da Ajuda calls ⟨sou⟩, the regular outcome of the Latin word, an archaic form already very rare in the troubadours' time.[3][4][5] Nascentes notes that the old language also had Old Galician-Portuguese son.[6]
The same Latin word is Galician seu, Spanish suyo, Catalan seu, French son, Italian suo and Romanian său.[7][1][6]
The Latin possessive is built on the reflexive pronoun sē (“oneself”).[2][8] It goes back to *sowos and Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”), and is cognate with Ancient Greek ἑός (heós) and Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs, “one's own”).[1][8]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss's first date, 1152, is from Machado and is the spelling seo; the first Portuguese form he dates after it is sous in 1242–1252.[2] Nascentes points out that the remade form is already found in a Latin inscription, cum marito seo “with her husband”.[6] In the cantigas the word already covers “his, her, their”, can take the definite article, and is used as a noun in de seu “on one's own account” and ter por seu “to consider one's own”.[3]
Semantic evolution
The troubadours sometimes let seu refer to the object rather than the subject: seu amor could be the poet's love for the lady.[3] Bluteau (1712–1728) and Folqman (1755) explain it as the third-person possessive, with Latin suus, and discuss when Latin needs illius instead.[9][10] Morais (1813) records de seu “by nature, of oneself”.[11]
Houaiss and Aulete also give the sense “your”, for a person addressed as você or o senhor.[2][12][1] Houaiss notes that dele or dela may be added after the noun for clarity or emphasis.[2] It also means “about”, before a number, and “some, a certain”.[2] As a noun, o seu is what belongs to someone, and os seus one's family or people.[2]
Timeline
- 1152 – the spelling seo, cited by Houaiss after Machado.[2]
- 1242–1252 – the plural sous.[2]
- 13th century – seu, in the cantigas beside the rarer sou.[2][13]
- c. 1400 – seu in a Flos Sanctorum fragment from Santiago de Compostela.[14]
- 1697 – Pereira glosses it with Latin suus.[15]
- 1813 – Morais records the phrase de seu.[11]
Meanings
Determiner
- his, her, its, their: belonging to the person or thing spoken of: Ela deixou o seu casaco aqui.[2][16][1]
- your, referring to a person addressed as você or o senhor: Qual é o seu nome?[2][12][1]
- Due to or befitting someone: Cada um no seu lugar.[2][17]
- Favourite, preferred by someone.[2]
- Before a number: about, approximately: Terá os seus quarenta anos.[2][17]
- Some, a certain: O plano tem as suas vantagens.[2]
- Before an epithet, for emphasis: seu mentiroso![1][18]
Pronoun
- His, hers, its, theirs; yours: Este livro é o seu.[2][1]
- (as a noun) o seu: what belongs to someone;[19] os seus: one's family, companions or people.[2]
Related words
Usage notes
In Brazil seu is also a familiar form of senhor “Mister” before a name or title, as in seu João or seu doutor.[5][17][19] It is a reduction of senhor, not the possessive, and the dialect surveys list it among the proclitic forms of that word, beside sinhô.[5][20][21]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b c d e Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. seu
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. seu
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. suus
- ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
- ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 697
- ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. seu
- ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. seu
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. seu
- ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
- ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. seu
- ^ Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary), pt.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. seu
- ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. senhor
- ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. seu
- ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. seu
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Seu.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/seu. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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