Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word seu

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1242–1252 spelt sous More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin suus
Ultimate origin
Proto-Indo-European *sewos
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin suus
French sien
French son
Italian suo
Portuguese seu
Spanish su
Spanish suyo

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /sew/, [seʊ̯][1]
  • Portugal: /sew/[1]
  • [se][1]

Forms

seu (feminine sua, masculine plural seus, feminine plural suas)[1] Houaiss records seo (1152), sous (1242–1252), seu (13th century), seos and sseus (14th century) and sus (15th century).[2] The old feminine was sa.[1][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin suus (“his, her, their own”), written Old Galician-Portuguese seu and Old Galician-Portuguese sou in the oldest texts.[2][1][3] The form ⟨seu⟩ was remade after meu: the glossary of the Cancioneiro da Ajuda calls ⟨sou⟩, the regular outcome of the Latin word, an archaic form already very rare in the troubadours' time.[3][4][5] Nascentes notes that the old language also had Old Galician-Portuguese son.[6]

The same Latin word is Galician seu, Spanish suyo, Catalan seu, French son, Italian suo and Romanian său.[7][1][6]

The Latin possessive is built on the reflexive pronoun sē (“oneself”).[2][8] It goes back to *sowos and Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”), and is cognate with Ancient Greek ἑός (heós) and Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs, “one's own”).[1][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's first date, 1152, is from Machado and is the spelling seo; the first Portuguese form he dates after it is sous in 1242–1252.[2] Nascentes points out that the remade form is already found in a Latin inscription, cum marito seo “with her husband”.[6] In the cantigas the word already covers “his, her, their”, can take the definite article, and is used as a noun in de seu “on one's own account” and ter por seu “to consider one's own”.[3]

Semantic evolution

The troubadours sometimes let seu refer to the object rather than the subject: seu amor could be the poet's love for the lady.[3] Bluteau (1712–1728) and Folqman (1755) explain it as the third-person possessive, with Latin suus, and discuss when Latin needs illius instead.[9][10] Morais (1813) records de seu “by nature, of oneself”.[11]

Houaiss and Aulete also give the sense “your”, for a person addressed as você or o senhor.[2][12][1] Houaiss notes that dele or dela may be added after the noun for clarity or emphasis.[2] It also means “about”, before a number, and “some, a certain”.[2] As a noun, o seu is what belongs to someone, and os seus one's family or people.[2]

Timeline

  • 1152 – the spelling seo, cited by Houaiss after Machado.[2]
  • 1242–1252 – the plural sous.[2]
  • 13th century – seu, in the cantigas beside the rarer sou.[2][13]
  • c. 1400 – seu in a Flos Sanctorum fragment from Santiago de Compostela.[14]
  • 1697 – Pereira glosses it with Latin suus.[15]
  • 1813 – Morais records the phrase de seu.[11]

Meanings

Determiner

  1. his, her, its, their: belonging to the person or thing spoken of: Ela deixou o seu casaco aqui.[2][16][1]
  2. your, referring to a person addressed as você or o senhor: Qual é o seu nome?[2][12][1]
  3. Due to or befitting someone: Cada um no seu lugar.[2][17]
  4. Favourite, preferred by someone.[2]
  5. Before a number: about, approximately: Terá os seus quarenta anos.[2][17]
  6. Some, a certain: O plano tem as suas vantagens.[2]
  7. Before an epithet, for emphasis: seu mentiroso![1][18]

Pronoun

  1. His, hers, its, theirs; yours: Este livro é o seu.[2][1]
  2. (as a noun) o seu: what belongs to someone;[19] os seus: one's family, companions or people.[2]

Usage notes

In Brazil seu is also a familiar form of senhor “Mister” before a name or title, as in seu João or seu doutor.[5][17][19] It is a reduction of senhor, not the possessive, and the dialect surveys list it among the proclitic forms of that word, beside sinhô.[5][20][21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. seu
  3. ^ a b c d e Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. seu
  4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. seu
  5. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. seu
  6. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. seu
  7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. suus
  8. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  9. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
  10. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
  11. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 697
  12. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. seu
  13. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. seu
  14. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. seu
  15. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. seu
  16. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. seu
  17. ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. seu
  18. ^ Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary), pt.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. seu
  19. ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. senhor
  20. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. seu
  21. ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. seu

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Seu.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/seu. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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