pario

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ˈpa.ri.oː]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpaː.ri.o]^[1]

Forms

pariō (present infinitive parere or parīre, perfect active peperī, supine paritum or partum); third (-iō variant) conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *par-(e)i- (“to bear; to procure”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pérh₃-i- (“to provide”).^[2] Schrijver explains ⟨par-⟩ from *prH- before a vowel, which de Vaan finds better than the older idea of a change *pera- > *para-.^[2] Cognate with Faliscan peparai (“I have procured”), Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “I gave”) and Old Irish ernaid (“grants”).^[2][1] De Vaan explains the two senses, to give birth and to procure, from a common sense “to provide”, the same root as in parō.^[2] The TLL notes that Lithuanian perėti (“to brood, hatch”) comes closest in form and meaning.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The earliest example is the Old Latin Garigliano bowl, with nei pari “do not appropriate”; the Twelve Tables use it of winning a crown, and Livius Andronicus is the first literary author.^[2][4]

Semantic evolution

In literature it meant above all to give birth, of women and female animals, and to lay eggs.^[4] The earth and nature were said to bring forth things, countries to produce them, and minds to create works.^[4] From the older sense of procuring came “to bring about, get, win”, as in victōriam parere “to win a victory”, and the participle parta “gains, savings”.^[4] It also meant to cause something, as when Terence says that truth breeds hatred.^[4]

Its derivatives include parēns “parent” and partus “birth”, parēns is the source of English parent.^[2][5] The verb survives in Italian parire, Spanish parir and Portuguese parir.^[1]

Timeline

• c. 450 BC – the Twelve Tables use it of winning a crown.^[4][6]
• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of giving birth to twins.^[4][6]
• 190–159 BC – Terence says that truth breeds hatred.^[4][6]
• early 15th century – English parent is recorded.^[5]

Meanings

Verb

1. To give birth to, bear (of women and female animals).^[4]
2. To lay (eggs); to spawn.^[4][1]
3. (of the earth, nature, countries) To bring forth, produce.^[4]
4. To create (a work of the mind).^[4]
5. To bring about, get, procure, parta, acquisitions, savings.^[4]
6. To give rise to, cause.^[4]

Word family

• antepartum
• appario
• expartus
• parēns
• parta
• partiō
• partitūdō

Related words

• pars
• pauper
• prātum
• parō
• English parent

Usage notes

A different first-conjugation verb pariō, pariāre “to settle a debt”, from pār “equal”, is found in the jurists and inscriptions.^[4][7]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
5. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
7. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press