Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word mais

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1200s More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin magis
Ultimate origin
Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂-is
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin magis
Catalan mes
French maie
French mais
Italian ma
Aromanian ma
Italian mai
Portuguese mais
Portuguese mas
Spanish más
From the same root
Latin magister ← magis
Latin mālō ← magis
French désormais ← mais
Aromanian macã ← ma
Italian giammai ← mai
Italian ormai ← mai

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /ˈmajs/, [ˈmaɪ̯s][1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /ˈmajʃ/, [ˈmaɪ̯ʃ][1]
  • Portugal: /ˈmajʃ/[1]
  • Portugal, Southern: /ˈmajʃ/, /ma/[1]

Forms

Houaiss records mais and mays in the 13th century, mãys in 1328 and mas in the 15th century.[2] Before the definite article the medieval language could drop the -s: mailo, maila.[3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin magis (“more, rather”), written Old Galician-Portuguese mais and Old Galician-Portuguese mays in the oldest texts.[2][4][5][1] Cunha notes that the Latin word shares its root with magnus (“great”), the source of magno and maior.[4] In Latin it expressed degree and preference, “rather”, while plūs expressed quantity;[6][7] Portuguese, like Spanish, Catalan, Old Occitan and Romanian, uses it to form the comparative.[2][6][7] It displaced the collateral form Old Galician-Portuguese chus.[1]

The same Latin word is Galician máis, Spanish más (from older Old Spanish maes), Catalan més, French mais, Italian mai and Romanian mai.[7][8][1] The conjunction mas “but” is a doublet of the same origin.[1]

Wiktionary traces the Latin word to Proto-Italic *magis and Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂-is, a zero grade of the comparative *méǵh₂yōs.[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the adverb to the 13th century from the slips of Cunha's medieval index, and Cunha also puts mais and mays in the 13th century.[2][4] In the Cancioneiro da Ajuda it serves as the comparative of muito and of longe, and also as the adversative conjunction “but, rather”.[3] The troubadours use it in comparisons such as mais ca mim “more than myself”: e que amo, Deu'lo sabe, mais ca mi (Afonso Pais de Braga).[9]

Semantic evolution

Old Galician-Portuguese used mais for “but” as well as for “more”; that role later passed to the weak form mas.[3][10][1] The noun sense “the greater part” is dated to the 13th century, and the superlative o mais “the most” is already in the Cancioneiro da Ajuda.[2][3] Cardoso (1569) and Pereira (1697) gloss it with Latin plus and magis;[11][12][13] Barbosa (1611) lists mais querer “to prefer” and mais perto “nearer”.[11][12][13] In arithmetic and in informal speech it came to mean “plus, and”, a use Meyer-Lübke already noted in popular Portuguese.[2][7]

Timeline

  • 13th century – mais and mays; the noun “the greater part”.[2]
  • 1328 – the spelling mãys.[2]
  • c. 1400 – mais in the Santiago fragment of the Flos Sanctorum, its first text in the CTA corpus.[14]
  • 15th century – the form mas.[2]
  • 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin plus and magis.[11]
  • 1611 – Barbosa lists mais querer and mais adiante.[13]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. more; forms the comparative of adjectives and adverbs: Este caminho é mais curto.[2][1]
  2. With a negative, no longer, (not) any more: Não voltou mais.[2][1]
  3. More than, over (a number): Eram mais de vinte.[2]
  4. rather, preferably.[2]

Pronoun

  1. More (in quantity or number): Preciso de mais tempo.[2]
  2. (plural) The others: os mais.[2]

Noun

  1. The greater part, the most: quem pode o mais pode o menos.[2]
  2. The rest: o mais.[2]
  3. (mathematics) The plus sign, +.[2][1]

Conjunction

  1. (arithmetic) plus: três mais quatro são sete.[2][1]
  2. (informal) And, together with: Saiu com a mulher mais os filhos.[2]

Word family

Usage notes

Morais (1789) and Silva Bastos (1912) also enter a separate noun mais “maize”, referred by Morais to milho grosso;[15][16][17] Silva Bastos derives it from French, and Nascentes from Taino through Spanish.[15][16][17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. mais
  3. ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. mais
  4. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. mais
  5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. mais
  6. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  7. ^ a b c d Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  8. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 867
  9. ^ Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. (2011–), Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas [online database], Lisboa: Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH/NOVA, https://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt, p. s.v. mais/melhor ca mi/m
  10. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. mais
  11. ^ a b c Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
  12. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
  13. ^ a b c Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
  14. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. mais
  15. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 44
  16. ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. mais
  17. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 311

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Mais.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/mais. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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