Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word mais
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1200s More words from the 13th century
- Inherited from
- Latin magis
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂-is
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
Houaiss records mais and mays in the 13th century, mãys in 1328 and mas in the 15th century.[2] Before the definite article the medieval language could drop the -s: mailo, maila.[3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin magis (“more, rather”), written Old Galician-Portuguese mais and Old Galician-Portuguese mays in the oldest texts.[2][4][5][1] Cunha notes that the Latin word shares its root with magnus (“great”), the source of magno and maior.[4] In Latin it expressed degree and preference, “rather”, while plūs expressed quantity;[6][7] Portuguese, like Spanish, Catalan, Old Occitan and Romanian, uses it to form the comparative.[2][6][7] It displaced the collateral form Old Galician-Portuguese chus.[1]
The same Latin word is Galician máis, Spanish más (from older Old Spanish maes), Catalan més, French mais, Italian mai and Romanian mai.[7][8][1] The conjunction mas “but” is a doublet of the same origin.[1]
Wiktionary traces the Latin word to Proto-Italic *magis and Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂-is, a zero grade of the comparative *méǵh₂yōs.[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the adverb to the 13th century from the slips of Cunha's medieval index, and Cunha also puts mais and mays in the 13th century.[2][4] In the Cancioneiro da Ajuda it serves as the comparative of muito and of longe, and also as the adversative conjunction “but, rather”.[3] The troubadours use it in comparisons such as mais ca mim “more than myself”: e que amo, Deu'lo sabe, mais ca mi (Afonso Pais de Braga).[9]
Semantic evolution
Old Galician-Portuguese used mais for “but” as well as for “more”; that role later passed to the weak form mas.[3][10][1] The noun sense “the greater part” is dated to the 13th century, and the superlative o mais “the most” is already in the Cancioneiro da Ajuda.[2][3] Cardoso (1569) and Pereira (1697) gloss it with Latin plus and magis;[11][12][13] Barbosa (1611) lists mais querer “to prefer” and mais perto “nearer”.[11][12][13] In arithmetic and in informal speech it came to mean “plus, and”, a use Meyer-Lübke already noted in popular Portuguese.[2][7]
Timeline
- 13th century – mais and mays; the noun “the greater part”.[2]
- 1328 – the spelling mãys.[2]
- c. 1400 – mais in the Santiago fragment of the Flos Sanctorum, its first text in the CTA corpus.[14]
- 15th century – the form mas.[2]
- 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin plus and magis.[11]
- 1611 – Barbosa lists mais querer and mais adiante.[13]
Meanings
Adverb
- more; forms the comparative of adjectives and adverbs: Este caminho é mais curto.[2][1]
- With a negative, no longer, (not) any more: Não voltou mais.[2][1]
- More than, over (a number): Eram mais de vinte.[2]
- rather, preferably.[2]
Pronoun
Noun
- The greater part, the most: quem pode o mais pode o menos.[2]
- The rest: o mais.[2]
- (mathematics) The plus sign, +.[2][1]
Conjunction
- (arithmetic) plus: três mais quatro são sete.[2][1]
- (informal) And, together with: Saiu com a mulher mais os filhos.[2]
Word family
Related words
Usage notes
Morais (1789) and Silva Bastos (1912) also enter a separate noun mais “maize”, referred by Morais to milho grosso;[15][16][17] Silva Bastos derives it from French, and Nascentes from Taino through Spanish.[15][16][17]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. mais
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
- ^ a b c d Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
- ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 867
- ^ Lopes, Graça Videira; Ferreira, Manuel Pedro et al. (2011–), Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas [online database], Lisboa: Instituto de Estudos Medievais, FCSH/NOVA, https://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt, p. s.v. mais/melhor ca mi/m
- ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b c Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b c Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. mais
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 44
- ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. mais
- ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 311
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Mais.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/mais. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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