invejoso

Forms

invejoso (feminine invejosa, masculine plural invejosos, feminine plural invejosas, comparable, comparative mais invejoso, superlative o mais invejoso or invejosíssimo, metaphonic)^[1] The medieval forms are enveioso, ẽvejoso and ẽvegoso.^[2][3] Envejoso was still written in the 16th century, as enuejoso in 1572 and envejoso in a letter of 1584.^[2][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin invidiōsus (“envious; arousing envy”), written Old Galician-Portuguese enveioso in the oldest texts.^[2][5][1] The Latin adjective is formed on invidia (“envy”) with the suffix -ōsus.^[6][1] The spelling with ⟨in-⟩ replaced the old ⟨en-⟩ in the 16th century, as in inveja beside the old Old Galician-Portuguese enveja.^[5] Nascentes calls the modern form remade.^[7] Lorenzo, Vieira and Figueiredo describe the word as formed on that noun with the suffix -oso, as it is by surface analysis.^[3][8][1]

The same word is Galician envexoso, Mirandese ambejoso, Asturian enveyosu, Catalan envejós, Occitan envejós and Old French envieus.^[1] The corresponding Spanish adjective is envidioso.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first records are in 14th-century prose: the Crónica Geral calls a man de muy grã curaçõ et muy enveioso “of very great heart and very envious”, and the Crónica de 1344 has muy ẽvejoso.^[3][2] The Crónica Troiana uses it as a noun, os enveiosos “the envious”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The word has always meant “envious”, both of people and of looks or words.^[2] Its use as a noun is medieval and continues in Figueiredo (1899).^[3][10] The Latin word's other sense, “arousing envy, odious”, appears in Morais (1813), who quotes Resende for invejoso “looked on with envy”.^[6][11] The DLP adds “covetous of what belongs to others”.^[12]

Timeline

• 14th century – enveioso in the Crónica Geral and ẽvejoso in the Crónica de 1344.^[3][2]
• 1572 – the old spelling enuejoso is still recorded.^[2]
• 16th century – Cunha's first date for the spelling invejoso.^[5]
• 1584 – a private letter writes envejoso.^[4]
• 1755 – Folqman renders invejoso by Latin invidus.^[13]
• 1813 – Morais records the sense “looked on with envy”.^[11]

Meanings

Adjective

1. envious, feeling envy; also ínvido: Ficou invejoso do carro novo do vizinho.^[2][1][14]
2. Showing envy: um sorriso invejoso.^[2][15]
3. covetous, wanting what belongs to others.^[12]

Noun

1. An envious person.^[2][12]

Word family

• invejosamente

Related words

• inveja
• invejar
• ínvido
• Latin invidiōsus
• Galician envexoso

Usage notes

In regional speech the TLPGP records invejoso as “miser” in Portugal, and in Brazil as a person who has the same name as oneself.^[16]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. invejoso
3. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. enveioso
4. ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. invejoso
5. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. inveja
6. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. invidiōsus
7. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. invejoso
8. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1159
9. ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. invejoso
10. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. invejoso
11. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 178
12. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. invejoso
13. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. invejoso
14. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. invejoso
15. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. invejoso
16. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. invejoso