invernar

Forms

invernar (first-person singular present inverno, first-person singular preterite invernei, past participle invernado)^[1] Houaiss records the 14th-century forms ynuernarom and envernar, and Cunha a 14th-century ynvernar.^[2][3]

Etymology

Cunha, Aurélio and Porto Editora take it inherited from Latin hībernō (“to spend the winter”), Aurélio adding that it came down by the popular route.^[3][4][5][1] Houaiss instead analyses it as a Portuguese formation from inverno with the verb suffix -ar.^[2] The learned hibernar is a doublet of it.^[1]

The same Latin verb is Romanian ierna, Italian invernare, French hiverner, Occitan ivernar and Spanish invernar.^[6][1] The Latin word is formed on hībernus (“of winter”), which is related to hiems (“winter”).^[7][8] De Vaan reconstructs a Proto-Italic adjective *χeimrino- (“wintry”) and traces the noun to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”).^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first records, from the 14th century, are the forms ynuernarom “they wintered” and envernar.^[2] The sense is “to spend the winter” in a place, the meaning of the Latin verb, which was used above all of armies.^[2][7]

Semantic evolution

Barbosa (1611) and Bluteau (1712–1728) gloss the verb as “to spend the winter somewhere”, and Morais (1813) adds the impersonal sense “to be winter”, with foi invernar a Cochim as an example of the first.^[9][10][11] Vieira quotes the Monarchia Lusitana for armies going to winter in a city and for ships that cannot winter safely in a harbour.^[12] Figueiredo (1899) adds “to be in winter quarters” and “to have bad weather”.^[13]

In southern Brazil the verb became a cattle-raising term: to put livestock to rest and fatten on an enclosed pasture, the invernada, and to work as an invernador; figuratively, to stay somewhere longer than one should.^[2][4][14] In northern Portugal it is also the moving of cattle in winter to sheltered grounds.^[15]

Timeline

• 14th century – ynuernarom and envernar.^[2][3]
• 1611 – Barbosa glosses Invernar with Latin hyemo and hyberno.^[9]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau: “to spend the winter in some place”.^[10]
• 1813 – Morais adds the impersonal sense “to be winter”.^[11]
• 1881 – invernada, the southern Brazilian winter pasture, is first recorded in Aulete's dictionary.^[16]

Meanings

Verb

1. To spend the winter somewhere, especially away from home or in a place that shelters from the cold.^[2][4][1]
2. (impersonal) To be winter; to have cold, rainy weather.^[2][17][5]
3. (southern Brazil) To put cattle to rest and fatten on a winter pasture (invernada); of the animals, to rest and fatten there.^[2][18][14]
4. (southern Brazil) To work as an invernador, fattening cattle for the slaughterhouse.^[2][4]
5. (southern Brazil, figurative) To go somewhere and stay longer than one should.^[2][4]

Word family

• invernada
• invernador
• invernadouro

Related words

• inverno
• hibernar
• Latin hībernō
• Spanish invernar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. invernar
3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. inverno
4. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. invernar
5. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 5385
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4124
7. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. hībernō
8. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. invernar
10. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. invernar
11. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 179
12. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1161
13. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 772
14. ^ a b Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. invernar
15. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. invernar
16. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. invernada
17. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. invernar
18. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. invernar