Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word espírito

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1200s Cantigas de Santa Maria More words from the 13th century
Borrowed from
Latin spiritus
Ultimate origin
Latin spīritus
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin spīrō
Italian spirare
Latin spīritus
French esprit
English esprit
Italian spirito
Portuguese espírito
Romanian spirit
Spanish espíritu
From the same root
English transpire ← spīrō
Latin aspīrō ← spīrō
Latin cōnspīrō ← spīrō
Latin exspīrō ← spīrō
Latin īnspīrō ← spīrō
Latin respīrō ← spīrō
Latin spīrāculum ← spīrō
Latin spīrāmentum ← spīrō
Latin suspīrō ← spīrō
Latin trānspīrō ← spīrō
Romanian suspina ← spīrō
Spanish inspirar ← spīrō
English spirit ← spīritus
Latin spīritālis ← spīritus

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /isˈpi.ɾi.tu/, /esˈpi.ɾi.tu/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /iʃˈpi.ɾi.tu/, /eʃˈpi.ɾi.tu/[1]
  • Portugal: /(i)ʃˈpi.ɾi.tu/[1]
  • Caipira: /s.ˈpi.ɾi.tu/[1]

Forms

espírito m (plural espíritos)[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote espirito, spirito and esperito, and the Crónica Geral also espiritu and spiritu.[2][3][4] The popular form esprito is recorded from 1496 and in Cardoso's dictionary of 1569;[5][6][7] Feijó (1734) accepts espírito or spírito and calls esprito an error.[5][6][7]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin spīritus (“breath, breath of life, spirit, soul”), written Old Galician-Portuguese espirito and Old Galician-Portuguese spirito in the 13th century.[2][3][1] Wiktionary calls it a learned borrowing, while Nascentes sees the old and still popular esprito as the inherited form, later remade on the Latin.[1][8] The same Latin word is Galician espírito, Spanish espíritu, Catalan esperit, Occitan esperit, French esprit and Italian spirito.[9][1]

The Latin noun is formed from spīrō (“to breathe”).[1] De Vaan finds no direct cognates for that verb and thinks it may imitate the sound of breathing.[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria use the word mostly for the Holy Spirit (Espirito Santo, Sant'Esperito), but also for the soul: seu espirito ouve Deus levado “God had taken his soul”.[4][11] A Portuguese document of 1297 has sancto spritu.[11]

Semantic evolution

Barbosa (1611) adds the sense “courage, spirit”.[12] Morais (1789) lists breath, the finest part of bodies extracted by chemistry, the soul, and the espíritos animais believed to carry sensations along the nerves.[13] Nascentes and Houaiss explain the chemical sense as the old chemists' name for the products of distillation, for their volatility, kept today in espírito de vinho;[8] Houaiss compares French esprit-de-vin (1575).[2][8] In Brazil espírito is also informal for sugar-cane spirit.[2]

Other senses are the mind and intelligence (um espírito superior), a disposition (espírito de aventura), the real intention of a text (o espírito de uma regra) and the character of an age.[2][14] In spiritism it is the soul of a dead person, and in Greek grammar the espírito brando and espírito áspero are the smooth and rough breathings.[2]

Timeline

  • 13th century – Spirit, espirito and Esperito in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.[4][11]
  • 1297 – sancto spritu in a Portuguese document.[11]
  • 1475 – espirito and spirito in the CTA corpus.[15][16]
  • 1496 – esprito in the História de mui nobre Vespasiano.[5]
  • 1569 – Cardoso heads the word Esprito.[6]
  • 1734 – Feijó prefers espírito or spírito to esprito.[7]
  • 1789 – Morais lists the chemical sense and the espíritos animais.[13]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The immaterial part of a human being; the soul (alma).[2][1]
  2. A supernatural being, good or evil; an angel or a demon.[2][14]
  3. (religion) Espírito Santo: the Holy Spirit.[14]
  4. (spiritism) The soul of a dead person; a ghost.[2][1]
  5. The mind; thought, intelligence; an intelligent person: nunca me passou pelo espírito.[2]
  6. A disposition or tendency: espírito de sacrifício.[2][1]
  7. The real meaning or intention of something: o espírito do regulamento.[2]
  8. The character of a time or group: o espírito do século.[2]
  9. (dated) A liquid obtained by distillation; alcohol;[17] (Brazil, informal) sugar-cane spirit.[2]
  10. (grammar) In Ancient Greek, the breathing of an initial vowel and the sign that marks it.[2][17]

Word family

  • espírita
  • espiritismo
  • espiritual
  • espiritualidade
  • espiritualismo
  • espiritualizar
  • espirituoso

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. espírito
  3. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. espírito
  4. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. espirito
  5. ^ a b c Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. esprito
  6. ^ a b c Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. esprito
  7. ^ a b c Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. espirito
  8. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. espírito
  9. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8158
  10. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. spīrō
  11. ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. spirito
  12. ^ Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. espirito
  13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 52
  14. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. espírito
  15. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. espirito
  16. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. spirito
  17. ^ a b Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary), pt.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. espírito

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Espírito.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/esp%C3%ADrito. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·