Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word espírito
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1200s Cantigas de Santa Maria More words from the 13th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin spiritus
- Ultimate origin
- Latin spīritus
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
espírito m (plural espíritos)[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote espirito, spirito and esperito, and the Crónica Geral also espiritu and spiritu.[2][3][4] The popular form esprito is recorded from 1496 and in Cardoso's dictionary of 1569;[5][6][7] Feijó (1734) accepts espírito or spírito and calls esprito an error.[5][6][7]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin spīritus (“breath, breath of life, spirit, soul”), written Old Galician-Portuguese espirito and Old Galician-Portuguese spirito in the 13th century.[2][3][1] Wiktionary calls it a learned borrowing, while Nascentes sees the old and still popular esprito as the inherited form, later remade on the Latin.[1][8] The same Latin word is Galician espírito, Spanish espíritu, Catalan esperit, Occitan esperit, French esprit and Italian spirito.[9][1]
The Latin noun is formed from spīrō (“to breathe”).[1] De Vaan finds no direct cognates for that verb and thinks it may imitate the sound of breathing.[10]
Earliest recorded meaning
The Cantigas de Santa Maria use the word mostly for the Holy Spirit (Espirito Santo, Sant'Esperito), but also for the soul: seu espirito ouve Deus levado “God had taken his soul”.[4][11] A Portuguese document of 1297 has sancto spritu.[11]
Semantic evolution
Barbosa (1611) adds the sense “courage, spirit”.[12] Morais (1789) lists breath, the finest part of bodies extracted by chemistry, the soul, and the espíritos animais believed to carry sensations along the nerves.[13] Nascentes and Houaiss explain the chemical sense as the old chemists' name for the products of distillation, for their volatility, kept today in espírito de vinho;[8] Houaiss compares French esprit-de-vin (1575).[2][8] In Brazil espírito is also informal for sugar-cane spirit.[2]
Other senses are the mind and intelligence (um espírito superior), a disposition (espírito de aventura), the real intention of a text (o espírito de uma regra) and the character of an age.[2][14] In spiritism it is the soul of a dead person, and in Greek grammar the espírito brando and espírito áspero are the smooth and rough breathings.[2]
Timeline
- 13th century – Spirit, espirito and Esperito in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.[4][11]
- 1297 – sancto spritu in a Portuguese document.[11]
- 1475 – espirito and spirito in the CTA corpus.[15][16]
- 1496 – esprito in the História de mui nobre Vespasiano.[5]
- 1569 – Cardoso heads the word Esprito.[6]
- 1734 – Feijó prefers espírito or spírito to esprito.[7]
- 1789 – Morais lists the chemical sense and the espíritos animais.[13]
Meanings
Noun
- The immaterial part of a human being; the soul (alma).[2][1]
- A supernatural being, good or evil; an angel or a demon.[2][14]
- (religion) Espírito Santo: the Holy Spirit.[14]
- (spiritism) The soul of a dead person; a ghost.[2][1]
- The mind; thought, intelligence; an intelligent person: nunca me passou pelo espírito.[2]
- A disposition or tendency: espírito de sacrifício.[2][1]
- The real meaning or intention of something: o espírito do regulamento.[2]
- The character of a time or group: o espírito do século.[2]
- (dated) A liquid obtained by distillation; alcohol;[17] (Brazil, informal) sugar-cane spirit.[2]
- (grammar) In Ancient Greek, the breathing of an initial vowel and the sign that marks it.[2][17]
Word family
- espírita
- espiritismo
- espiritual
- espiritualidade
- espiritualismo
- espiritualizar
- espirituoso
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. espírito
- ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. espírito
- ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. espirito
- ^ a b c Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. esprito
- ^ a b c Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. esprito
- ^ a b c Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. espirito
- ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. espírito
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8158
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. spīrō
- ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. spirito
- ^ Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. espirito
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 52
- ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. espírito
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. espirito
- ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. spirito
- ^ a b Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary), pt.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. espírito
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Espírito.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/esp%C3%ADrito. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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