Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word escapar

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1200s Cantigas de Santa Maria More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin *excappo
Ultimate origin
Late Latin cappa

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /is.kaˈpa(ʁ)/, [is.kaˈpa(h)], /es.kaˈpa(ʁ)/[1]
  • São-Paulo: /is.kaˈpa(ɾ)/, /es.kaˈpa(ɾ)/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /iʃ.kaˈpa(ʁ)/, [iʃ.kaˈpa(χ)], /eʃ.kaˈpa(ʁ)/[1]
  • Caipira: /is.kaˈpa(ɻ)/, /es.kaˈpa(ɻ)/[1]

Forms

escapar (first-person singular present escapo, first-person singular preterite escapei, past participle escapado)[1] Houaiss records the form scapar in the 14th century.[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *excappō (“to get out of a tight spot”), written Old Galician-Portuguese escapar in the oldest texts, a verb formed from ex- (“out”) and cappa (“hood, cloak”).[2][3][1][4] The Vulgar Latin verb is not recorded, but its descendants in all the Romance languages make it certain: Galician escapar, Spanish escapar, Catalan escapar, French échapper, Italian scappare and Romanian scăpa.[5][6] Nascentes explains it as “to shake off one's cloak”, the garment that hinders a flight, and the DHLF as “to leave only one's cloak in the hands of the pursuers”.[7][8] Bluteau had already given the same picture, citing Venegas: escaping is getting away in body and leaving the cloak on the horns of the bull.[9] Corominas rejects von Wartburg's idea that the verb first meant “to hang up the friar's habit”.[5]

The Late Latin noun is recorded from the end of the 6th century for a hood; its origin is unknown.[10] Silva Bastos and Figueiredo derived the verb from Italian scampare, a verb blended with campus.[11][12][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the verb to the 13th century.[2][3] The Cantigas de Santa Maria use it of a man who alone escaped alive when all the others were killed (senon el senlleiro que viv'escapou), and the cantigas d'escarnho of someone who escaped being hanged (escapou que o non enforcaron).[13]

Semantic evolution

The Crónica Troiana uses it for “to flee” (nẽ escapar uiuo “nor escape alive”).[13] In legal Portuguese Viterbo records a sense “to give up a lease, hand the property back to its owner”.[14] Morais (1789) adds the sense of a word that “escapes” one's mouth by mistake, and the transitive “to save”: escapar a vida “to save one's life”.[15][16] Modern dictionaries add the escape of a gas or liquid from its container, and what escapes notice or understanding.[2][17]

Timeline

  • 1200s – first records, in the Cantigas de Santa Maria and the cantigas d'escarnho.[3][13]
  • 1300s – the form scapar.[2]
  • 1400s – first record of escapamento.[18]
  • c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo is the first CTA text with the verb.[19]
  • 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary renders it effugio and evado.[20]
  • 1672–1693 – first record of the noun escape.[21]
  • 1704 – first record of escapatória.[22]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To escape, to get free of a danger or an unpleasant situation: Escapámos por pouco da tempestade.[2][23][1]
  2. To run away, to break out of confinement: O cão escapou do quintal.[2][17]
  3. To survive, to come out alive.[2][24]
  4. To avoid, to dodge an obligation or a person.[23][4]
  5. Of a gas or liquid, to leak out of its container.[17][25]
  6. To pass unnoticed; to be beyond someone's understanding or memory.[26][25]
  7. Of a word or a gesture, to slip out unintentionally.[24][4]
  8. To be just passable, acceptable despite faults.[26][25]

Word family

  • escape
  • escapatória
  • escapamento
  • escapadela

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. escapar
  3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. escapar
  4. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. escapar
  5. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 2, 674
  6. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 2952
  7. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. escapar
  8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. échapper
  9. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. escapar
  10. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 1, 827
  11. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. escapar
  12. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 534
  13. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. escapar
  14. ^ Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 412
  15. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 30
  16. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 736
  17. ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. escapar
  18. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. escapamento
  19. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. escapar
  20. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. escapar
  21. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. escape
  22. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. escapatória
  23. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. escapar
  24. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. escapar
  25. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3771
  26. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. escapar

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Escapar.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/escapar. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·