Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word carecer
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1393 spelt careçer More words from the 14th century
- Inherited from
- Latin *caresco
- Ultimate origin
- Latin careō
Pronunciation
Forms
carecer (first-person singular present careço, first-person singular preterite careci, past participle carecido)[1] Houaiss's first record (1393) is spelt careçer; a letter of 1561 writes caresçer.[2][3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *carēscō, the inchoative of Latin careō (“to lack, be without”).[2][4][1] Lewis & Short and the DCECH note that the inchoative is found only in a few glosses.[5][6]
The same verb is Spanish carecer and Catalan careixer.[7][6]
De Vaan sets the Latin verb with castus (“free from, pure”) and cassus (“devoid of”) under a root *kas- (“to lack”), with Faliscan and Oscan cognates.[8] Wiktionary gives *kazēō and mentions a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut”), which de Vaan rejects as semantically difficult.[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss's first date is a medieval text of 1393, from Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese.[2] The Horto do Esposo, copied between 1390 and 1437, uses the verb.[9] Cunha defines its first senses as “not to have” and “to need”.[4]
Semantic evolution
Cardoso (1569) translates the verb with Latin careo.[10] Bluteau (1712) gives “to lack” and quotes António Vieira's sermon: has de carecer do mesmo Deos por toda a eternidade “thou shalt be without God himself for all eternity”.[11] Morais (1789) puts “to need” first and “not to have” second.[12] Vieira's dictionary (1871) quotes Camões on the Basques, who carece de polidas razões “lack polished speech”.[13]
With an infinitive the verb can be used without de (carecer fazer algo), and Aulete records a popular impersonal use, “it is necessary”.[2][14][15] In rural Portugal não careço de nada is a common way of saying “I need nothing”.[16] The nouns carência and carecimento and the adjective carente belong to the same family.[4] Cunha dates carecimento to 1570 and carência to the 16th century.[4]
Timeline
- 1393 – first record, spelt careçer.[2]
- c. 1430 – carecer in the Horto do Esposo (copied 1390–1437).[9]
- 1561 – caresçer in a private letter.[3]
- 1569 – Cardoso translates it as careo.[10]
- 1570 – first record of carecimento.[4]
- 1712 – Bluteau quotes António Vieira's sermon.[11]
- 1789 – Morais defines it as “to need” and “not to have”.[12]
Meanings
Verb
- (with de) Not to have, to lack: O projeto carece de fundos.[2][14][17][1]
- (with de, or with an infinitive) To need, to require: Os doentes carecem de cuidados.[2][14][18]
- (popular, impersonal) To be necessary.[15]
Word family
- carecimento
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b c d e Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 1, 866
- ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954)
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 234
- ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 109
- ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. carecer
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. carecer
- ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. carecer
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Carecer.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/carecer. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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