Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gignō, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵi-ǵnh₁-e/o- (“to beget”), the reduplicated present of the root *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, be born”). The participle genitus is…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χlaþro-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlh₂dʰ-ro- (“smooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“smooth, shiny”). Schrijver takes the /a/ as the regular…

It is related to glēba “clod” and glomus “ball of yarn”. Wiktionary suggests Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”), perhaps through a substrate word, given the unexplained suffix. The…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan discusses the derivation from Proto-Italic *gnōria (“knowledge, fame”), related to gnārus “knowing” and ignōrō “not to know”, which some scholars accept and others…

It is from Latin glōria (“glory”) + -ōsus.

It is from Latin glūtō (“glutton”) + -iō, on the root ⟨glutt-, glūt-⟩. The OLD calls it probably cognate with gula “throat” and ingluviēs “crop, gluttony”, and compares Russian ⟨глотать⟩ “to swallow”.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gnāro- (“knowing”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵnh₃-ro- (“knowing”), from the root *ǵneh₃- “to know” of nōscō. Cognate with Umbrian naratu (“let him…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *grad-(e)i-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *g(ʰ)rd(ʰ)-(e)i-. Cognate with Old Irish do·greinn (“chases”) and Middle Welsh grynnyaw (“to press, thrust”). The…

The origin is unclear. Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny compared Ancient Greek βρένθος (brénthos, “pride”) and Old Church Slavonic грѫдь (grǫdĭ, “breast”), and the Oxford Latin Dictionary and Georges…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *grāno-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂-no- (“grain”). De Vaan prefers to read it as “what has ripened”, from the root of Sanskrit जरन्ति (járanti, “they…

It is related to grātus “pleasing, thankful”. The OLD takes it to be probably cognate with Sanskrit गीर् (gī́r, “hymn of praise”) and Lithuanian girti (“to praise”), and Köbler traces the root to…

It is from Latin grātus (“pleasing”) + -ia; compare grātēs “thanks”. Wiktionary relates it to Sanskrit गूर्ति (gūrtí, “praise, welcome”). The dative and ablative plural is usually ⟨grātīs⟩ in the…

It is contracted from ⟨grātiīs⟩, from Latin grātia (“favour, thanks”), its ablative plural, so “for thanks”, hence “without recompense”. De Vaan traces ⟨grātus⟩ to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto-…

It is from Latin grātia (“favour”) on the root, also of grātus “pleasing”, with the ending of fortuītus, and the OLD derives it from Latin grātēs (“thanks”). De Vaan traces ⟨grātus⟩ to Proto-Italic…

Its formation is disputed. The OLD and TLL derive it from ⟨*grāti-tulos⟩, from Latin grātēs (“thanks”) with a suffix as in opitulor. Wiktionary also gives a derivation from ⟨*grātulus⟩, a diminutive…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gʷrāto- (“grateful”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-tó- (“praised (in song)”), from the root *gʷerH- (“to welcome, praise”). Cognate with Oscan brateis…

It is from Latin gravis (“heavy”) + -idus.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gʷra(w)u-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-u- (“heavy”), a u-stem adjective made into an i-stem in Italic, like brevis and tenuis. Cognate with Sanskrit…

It is from Latin gravis (“heavy”) + -ō, the verb suffix.

The origin is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat, to swallow”), with cognates such as Sanskrit गल (gala, “throat”), but de Vaan finds that this preform…

It is a verb in -tō from an old *geus-o, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste”). Compare Ancient Greek γεύομαι (geúomai, “to taste”) and English choose, and Old High German kostōn.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γυμνάσιον (gumnásion, “exercise ground, school”), from γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”), because Greek athletes trained naked. Varro and Catullus have the form gyminasium.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χaido-. Its only sure cognate is Germanic, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits), Old High German geiz and English goat. Since the word is so restricted and cannot be derived from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χais-ē-, with /r/ from older /s/, as the perfect haesī shows, but the root is unknown. The comparison with Lithuanian gaĩšti (“to linger”), made by Walde–Hofmann…

It is from ⟨*hestrinos⟩, from Latin herī (“yesterday”), on the stem, formed like hodiernus. De Vaan traces ⟨herī⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰdʰyés (“yesterday”) and an adjective ⟨*ǵʰdʰi-es-tro-⟩ “of…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful, merry”), from ἵλαος (hílaos, “propitious, gracious”). Etymonline relates the Greek to a root *selh- “to reconcile”, as in sōlor “to…

Its origin is unknown. De Vaan notes that words for “goat” in general lack an Indo-European etymology, and suggests a link with hirtus “rough-haired”. Walde and Hofmann and Pokorny grouped it with…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χelos- (“greens”), through Old Latin helus, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-os (“green things”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green…

It is formed from Latin *honos (“genitive -eris”) + -tus, an old neuter noun, a variant of honor, as decus stands beside decor. Wiktionary compares Paelignian hanustu.

The older form is honōs. The origin is unknown. The TLL reports comparisons with Irish and Greek words but calls the origin uncertain, and Wiktionary notes that a PIE root of the expected shape…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra, “time, season, hour”). The Greek word is from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁- (“year, season”), the root of English year.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *hors-ē- (“to be stiff”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥s-éh₁- (“to be stiff, bristle”), from the root *ǵʰers- “to bristle”. Cognate with Sanskrit हृष्यति…

It is from Latin horreō (“to bristle, shudder”) + -or. Wiktionary traces it to a Proto-Italic *horzōs remodelled as an ⟨r⟩-stem.

It is from Latin hospes (“host, guest”) + -ālis. Manuscripts and inscriptions sometimes spell it ⟨osp-⟩.

It is from Latin hospes (“host, guest”) + -ium. Isidore wrongly calls it a Greek word.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χomo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”), an old root noun; de Vaan thinks the o-stem grew from the locative humī. Cognate with Oscan huntrus…

It is the stative counterpart of iaciō “to throw”, so that its first meaning was “to have been thrown down”, hence “to lie”. Iacio is inherited from Proto-Italic *jak-i-, from Proto-Indo-European…

It is the noun iānus (“arched passage”), inherited from Proto-Italic *jānu- (“door”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ieh₂-n-u- (“passage”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *jekʷor, oblique stem *jekʷen-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *Hyékʷr̥ (“liver”). Cognate with Sanskrit यकृत् (yákṛt), Avestan yākarə, Ancient Greek ἧπαρ…

It is from Latin iēiūnus (“fasting”) + -ium.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + gnārus (“knowing”).

It is formed with the negative prefix in- on a verb of knowing, from Proto-Italic *gnōs-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-s- (“to recognize, know”). It has often been taken as a verb made from…

It is from Latin in- + gnōscō, the old form of nōscō “to get to know”. Wiktionary takes the prefix as “after” and traces the sense from “to realise afterwards” to “acknowledge” and “forgive”. The…

It is from Latin in- (“in”) + laciō (“to entice”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *lak-i- (“to draw, pull”) for ⟨laciō⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *n̥fri- (“cloud”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰ-r-o- (“rain cloud”), a derivative of the root of nebula “mist”. Cognate with Oscan anafríss (“to the rain gods”)…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + mānis (“good”), ⟨mānis⟩ being Old Latin, related to māne “in the morning” and mānēs “the spirits of the dead”, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (“timely, good”).

It is from Latin in- (“into”) + mergō (“to dip, plunge”).

It is from Latin in- + migrō (“to move, migrate”). De Vaan derives ⟨migrō⟩ from Proto-Indo-European *h₂mi-gʷ-ro- (“changing”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἀμείβω (ameíbō, “to change”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + mortālis (“mortal”), from mors “death”. The Thesaurus compares Ancient Greek ἄμβροτος (ámbrotos, “immortal”) and Sanskrit अमृत (amṛ́ta-, “immortal”). De Vaan traces…

It is from Latin immortālis (“immortal”) + -tās, from in- (“not”) and mortālis “mortal”.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + -mūnis (“owing a duty”), as in commūnis, related to mūnus “duty, service”.

It is from Latin imperō (“to command”) + -tor, the agent suffix. The TLL compares Oscan embratur (“commander”). Ennius and Lucretius have the archaic ⟨induperātor⟩, and an inscription spells it…

It is from Latin in- + parō (“to prepare, arrange”). The TLL compares Paelignian ⟨empratois⟩ “ordered”. It is also spelled ⟨inperō⟩, and old forms include ⟨imperāssit⟩ in Cicero's archaic laws and…

It is from Latin in- + pangō (“to fix, drive in”), and is also spelled ⟨inpingō⟩. Plautus has the old infinitive ⟨impingier⟩.

It is from Latin in- + pleō (“to fill”), a verb found only in compounds. The TLL compares Ancient Greek ἐμπίμπλημι (empímplēmi, “to fill up”) and plēnus “full”. It is also spelled ⟨inpleō⟩, and…

It is from Latin in- (“on, in”) + pōnō (“to put”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + potis (“able”), with the root ⟨*pos⟩, the opposite of compos. De Vaan takes the stem in ⟨-pot-⟩ “able” of ⟨impos⟩ and ⟨compos⟩ as confirming the root of ⟨potis⟩, which…

The OLD derives it from Latin improbus (“bad, wicked”) + -ō, the verb suffix, and Wiktionary and Lewis & Short take it as in- “not” with probō “to approve”.

It is from Latin in- (“in”) and a verb *cand-, as in candeō “to glow, be white-hot” and candidus. Compare accendō and succendō, with the same element.

1. This verb is from Latin in- (“into”) + cadō (“to fall”). 2. This verb is from Latin in- (“into”) + caedō (“to cut”).