Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fēmanā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-mh₁n-h₂- (“the one nursing”), originally a middle participle of the root *dʰeh₁- (“to suckle”), “she who gives…

If the spelling with ⟨fē-⟩ is original, it is inherited from Proto-Italic *fēnos-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-ne/os- (“yield”), from the root *dʰeh₁- “to suckle, bring forth”, like…

It is from Latin ferō (“to bear”) + -āx (“inclined to”). De Vaan traces ⟨ferō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fēs-io- (“holiday”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-s-io- (“divine, holy”), from an s-stem Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁s- (“religious gift, rite”). fēstus…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fer-je/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). The same root has the o-grade in forō “to bore”. A laryngeal-final root should have…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fer(a)mentom, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)-mn̥ (“ferment”). Cognate with Old English beorma (“yeast, barm”). De Vaan finds it most attractive to…

It is from Latin ferus (“wild”) + -ōx. Ferus goes back to Proto-Italic *χwero-, Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwer- (“wild animal”). Wiktionary and Etymonline take the suffix from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin fēstīvus (“festive”) + -tās, ⟨fēstīvus⟩ being from fēstus “of a holiday”. Isidore derived it from the feast days on which only divine business was done.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fēsto- (“holiday”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-s-to- (“divine, holy”), one of several derivatives of an s-stem *dʰeh₁-s- “religious gift, rite”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fifro-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰr-o- (“brown animal, beaver”), a reduplicated form of the root *bʰer- “brown”. Cognate with Sanskrit बभ्रु…

It is from Latin fidēlis (“faithful”) + -tās, ⟨fidēlis⟩ being from fidēs “faith”.

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fiþ-ē- (“trust”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰidʰ-eh₁- (“faith”), from the root of fīdō “to trust”. Meillet saw it as a remaking of…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *feiþe-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeidʰ-e/o- (“to trust”). From the same root came fīdus “faithful” and fidēs “trust”, and also foedus “treaty”. Cognate…

It is from Latin fīlia (“daughter”) + -ola, a diminutive. De Vaan derives ⟨fīlius⟩ from Proto-Italic *fīlio- (“son”), from an adjective Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁i-l- (“suckling, child”), cognate…

It is a diminutive from Latin fīlius (“son”) + -olus. De Vaan traces ⟨fīlius⟩ to Proto-Italic *fīlio- (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰ(e)h₁i-l- (“suckling, child”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fī(s)lo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰiH-(s-)lo- (“sinew, sinew thread”). Cognate with Lithuanian gýsla (“vein, sinew”), Old Church Slavonic жила (žila…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *findō, from the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-n-éd- (“to split”) of the root *bʰeyd-. Cognate with Sanskrit भिनत्ति (bhinátti, “splits”), Gothic 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽…

It is from Latin fīniō (“to limit, mark out”) + -tor. ⟨fīniō⟩ is from fīnis (“boundary, end”), whose etymology de Vaan calls disputed.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fermo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo- (“holding”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold”). The /i/ may come from /e/ raised after the…

It is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”), perhaps through Proto-Italic *flāō. De Vaan relates it to fleō “to weep”, and discusses how the present stem arose; separating the two would…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *flow-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleuH- (“to flow over”). Leumann regards the spelling ⟨flu-⟩ as taken from compounds where *-flou- stood in a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *foþ-i-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-i- (“to poke, dig”). Since Hittite, Latin, Balto-Slavic and Tocharian all have verbs with the o-grade, the…

It has often been compared with Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yom (“leaf”) and the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to blossom”), which would make the…

De Vaan connects it with Proto-Celtic *bol-, as in Old Irish ball (“member, limb”) and Welsh balleg (“sack, purse”), but leaves the further origin open. Wiktionary derives it from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fā- (“to speak”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”). Latin, or already Proto-Italic, generalised the full grade of the root. Wiktionary notes…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fwor-i-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuō̆r- (“door”), a root noun, perhaps used only in the plural or dual. The adverbs forās and forīs continue cases of…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *mormīkā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *moru̯-o/ī̆- (“ant”). The word for “ant” has many irregular forms in the Indo-European languages, probably from taboo…

Its origin is unknown. De Vaan and the OLD compare Ancient Greek μορμώ (mormṓ, “bogey”) and Ancient Greek μορμύσσομαι (mormússomai, “to frighten”), which would require Proto-Italic *morm-īdō and a…

It is a diminutive from Latin fōrma (“form, shape, beauty”) + -ula. Lewis and Short arrange its senses after those of ⟨fōrma⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *forti- (“luck”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥-ti- (“bearing, what is brought”), from the root of ferō “to bear”. Cognate with Sanskrit भृति (bhṛtí…

It is from Latin fors (“chance”), as a feminine noun from an unattested adjective *fortūnus, Proto-Italic *fortūnā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥-tew-n-éh₂, built on the root of ferō “to bear…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *foχweje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰogʷʰ-éye- (“to make burn”), a causative of the root *dʰegʷʰ- “to burn”. Cognate with Sanskrit दहति (dáhati…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χwrend-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrend(ʰ)-e/o- (“to grind”). Cognate with Old English grindan (“to grind”), Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”)…

The origin is uncertain. Nussbaum connects it with fraxō “to patrol”, which de Vaan finds semantically attractive; both could go back to a root *bʰrekʷ-, giving Proto-Italic *frekʷents. The OLD and…

It is from Latin frīgeō (“to be cold”) + faciō (“to make”) + -tō, the frequentative suffix. The TLL compares ⟨frīgēscere⟩ and ⟨calefactāre⟩.

It is from Latin frīgus (“cold”) + -idus or from frīgeō “to be cold”.

It is from Latin frūx (“produce”) + -ālis (plural ⟨frūgēs⟩). The Thesaurus thinks it was drawn back from the adverb ⟨frūgāliter⟩ and the comparative ⟨frūgālior⟩. The undeclined adjective frūgī…

It was originally from Latin frūx (“fruit, produce”), its predicative dative, so “(fit) for food, useful”. De Vaan derives ⟨frūx⟩ from the root of fruor “to enjoy”, Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *frūg-je/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-ie/o- (“to use”). The stem became *frūje-, *frūwe- and then /frue-/. Cognate with Umbrian frif (“fruits”)…

It is related to fraus “deceit, harm”. De Vaan takes it as the plural of ⟨*frūstrum⟩, from ⟨*fraud-tro-⟩; he reconstructs ⟨fraus⟩ as Proto-Italic ⟨*frawV-⟩, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European…

Its origin is uncertain. A link with Old English brēowan (“to brew”), from *bʰrewH- “to sprout”, would require a shortened *frūto-, which Schrijver rejects, and the meaning is not obvious. De Vaan…

Its origin is unclear. It is often linked with Ancient Greek φάλκης (phálkēs, “rib of a ship”), Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx, “beam”) and Old High German balko (“beam”), and through them with the…

It is a Latin derivative, with the suffix seen in -īgō, of an i-stem from Proto-Italic *fūli- (“smoke”), Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-li- (“smoke, dust”), perhaps from an adjective *dʰuh₂-lo-…

The origin is unknown. Since /o/ does not become /u/ before /ll/, de Vaan says it must go back to *fu-, but no root fits. Wiktionary mentions Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to blow, swell”) and an…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fūmo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-mó- (“smoke”). Cognate with Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá, “smoke”), Lithuanian dūmai (“smoke”), Old Church Slavonic дымъ…

It is from Latin fundō (“to lay the bottom of, found”) + -mentum. ⟨Fundō⟩ is from fundus “bottom”. Isidore says it is so called because it is the ⟨fundus⟩ of the house.

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χund-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰu-n-d- (“to pour”), a nasal present of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). De Vaan thinks that the initial…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fundo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnós (“bottom”). De Vaan explains the Latin form by a metathesis of *bʰudʰnó- to Italo-Celtic *bʰundʰó-, and takes…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fung-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰu-n-g- (“to be of use, be used”), a nasal present of Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, be of use”). Cognate…

It is probably a loanword from a non-Indo-European language, borrowed separately into Latin, Greek and Armenian in a form like *sphong-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos, “sponge”) and…

It is from Proto-Italic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰṓr (“thief, one who carries off”), from the root of ferō “to carry”. Cognate with Ancient Greek φώρ (phṓr, “thief”). It has been taken as a…

It is from Latin fūr (“thief”) + -āx. De Vaan reconstructs ⟨fūr⟩ as Proto-Italic ⟨*fōr-⟩, Proto-Indo-European *bʰōr (“thief”), cognate with Ancient Greek φώρ (phṓr, “thief”), and doubts that it was…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χworno-, through earlier fornus, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr̥-no- (“heat, oven”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to be hot”). Cognate…

1. The verb “to steal” is formed from Latin fūr (“thief”) as a first-conjugation deponent. 2. It is from Latin furō (“to rage, be out of one's mind”) + -or. Etymonline relates it to furia “rage…

It is from Latin fūrtum (“theft”) + -īvus; ⟨fūrtum⟩ is from fūr “thief”. De Vaan traces ⟨fūr⟩ to Proto-Italic *fōr-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōr (“thief”).

It is from Latin gallus (“cock”) + -īna, as rēgīna from rēx. Isidore says that as ⟨leaena⟩ comes from ⟨leō⟩, so ⟨gallīna⟩ from ⟨gallus⟩.

Its origin is uncertain. The best explanation takes it as “the caller”, from a root *gal- “to call”, with Welsh galw (“to call”), Old Church Slavonic гласъ (glasŭ, “voice”) and Old Norse kalla (“to…

It may be inherited from Proto-Italic *gārje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵ(e)h₂r-ie/o- (“to shout”), with ⟨rr⟩ for an older single /r/ after a long vowel. De Vaan compares Old Irish…

It is from Latin garriō (“to chatter”) + -ulus. De Vaan tentatively reconstructs garriō as *gārje/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵ(e)h₂r-ie/o- (“to shout”), and compares Old Irish gairid (“calls”)…

It is from Latin gaudeō (“to rejoice”) + -ium. Ennius has a shortened form ⟨gau⟩.