humus

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ˈhʊ.mʊs]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈuː.mus]^[1]

Forms

humus f (genitive humī); second declension^[1] The locative humī means “on the ground”.^[2][3] Laevius and Gracchus used it as masculine or neuter.^[4][5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *χomo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”), an old root noun; de Vaan thinks the o-stem grew from the locative humī.^[2][1] Cognate with Oscan huntrus (“those below”), Sanskrit क्षा (kṣā́ḥ, “earth”), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn, “earth”), Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”) and Lithuanian žẽmė (“earth”).^[2][4][6] homō “man”, the earthling, is from the same root.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus uses it.^[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^[7]

Semantic evolution

In Classical Latin it was the earth or ground, humī “on the ground”, as in Cicero's lying on the ground, dry land, a stretch of ground, and soil.^[4][8] Humō tectus was “covered with earth”.^[8]

In medieval Latin it was also the grave, a land or region, and soil used in building.^[9][3] English humus “vegetable mould” was borrowed in 1796.^[10] Its derivatives humilis “low” and humō “to bury” gave English humble and exhume.^[10]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^[2][7]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of lying on the ground (humī).^[8][7]
• late 13th century – English humble is recorded, from humilis.^[10]
• 1796 – English humus is recorded.^[10]

Meanings

Noun

1. The earth, ground, humī, on the ground.^[4][5]
2. Dry ground.^[4]
3. A stretch of ground, a land.^[4][9]
4. Soil.^[4][1]
5. (Medieval Latin) The grave.^[9]

Word family

• humilis
• humō

Related words

• homō
• English humus
• English humble
• English exhume

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
3. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
4. ^ a b c d e f g Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
5. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
6. ^ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
7. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
8. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
9. ^ a b c Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
10. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com