Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is a compound from Latin caleō (“to be warm”) + faciō (“to make”). De Vaan traces ⟨caleō⟩ to Proto-Italic *kalē-, a stative verb from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlh₁-eh₁- (“to be hot”).

It is from Latin calefaciō (“to make warm”) + -tō, a frequentative.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kalē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥h₁-eh₁- (“to be hot”), a stative verb. Cognate with Welsh clyd (“warm”) and Lithuanian šil̃tas (“warm”). Lewis &…

1. The heel is of uncertain origin. It has been compared with Balto-Slavic words for parts of the leg, as Old Prussian culczi (“hip”) and Lithuanian kulkšnis (“ankle”), from Proto-Slavic *kъlkъ, but…

It is apparently from Latin canna (“reed”) + -ālis, from *cannālis. Latin canna is from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian qanûm (“reed”). Lewis and Short also mention a link with…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *karkro- (“enclosure”), with the first /r/ changed to /n/ by dissimilation, so that it is related to carcer “prison”; the crab would be named for its pincers, which…

It is from Latin canor (“song, melody”) + -us, from canō “to sing”. De Vaan traces ⟨canō⟩ to Proto-Italic *kan-e-, Proto-Indo-European *kh₂n-e- (“to sing”), cognate with Umbrian ⟨kanetu⟩ and Old…

It is from Latin canō (“to sing”) + -tiō. De Vaan traces ⟨canō⟩ to Proto-Italic *kan-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂n-e- (“to sing”).

It is from Latin caput (“head, life”) + -ālis.

It is from Latin caput (“head”) + -ulum, a diminutive. The noun caput is from Proto-Italic *kaput, from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), cognate with German Haupt and English head.

It is from Latin captus + -īvus, ⟨captus⟩ being the participle of capiō “to take”.

It is from Latin capiō (“to take”) + -tō, the frequentative suffix. Wiktionary compares Ancient Greek κάπτω (káptō, “to gulp down”). The TLL says it is found from Plautus but is lacking in Ennius…

The origin is uncertain. It is usually compared with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”) and Old English heorþ (“hearth”), but de Vaan notes that the suffix is not found outside Italic and that Pokorny's…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *karkr(o)-, perhaps a reduplicated Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-kr̥- (“circular”), and connects it with words for a circle or round object such…

The etymology is uncertain. De Vaan lists similar Germanic words for a hinge, such as Old English heorra (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”), but they cannot be derived from one form with…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kasē- (“to lack”), with /s/ becoming /r/ between vowels. The pair careō and castus “pure”, its old participle, proves an original root *kas-. Cognate with Faliscan…

1. The origin is uncertain. The OLD suggests an Etruscan origin, and Isidore of Seville says the Etruscans called the helmet cassis. De Vaan notes that only the Germanic words for “hat”, as Old…

The OLD tentatively takes it as from Latin careō (“to lack”), a participle. Wiktionary sees a verbal adjective from the root of careō and castus “pure”, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to…

Most scholars derive it from Proto-Italic *kastro- (“cutting tool”), a noun, Proto-Indo-European *ḱs-tro- (“knife”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut”). Cognate with Sanskrit शस्त्र…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kastro- (“part, share”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱs-tro-, probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut”). Cognate with Oscan castrous (“of the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kas-to-, the old participle of careō “to lack, be without”, so originally “free from”. The root has no certain Indo-European cognates; de Vaan finds the usual…

It is from Latin cadō (“to fall”) + -tus, from earlier cāssus. The verb is from Proto-Italic *kad-e/o-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”). The grammatical sense “case” is a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek καταπέλτης (katapéltēs, “catapult”), from κατά (katá, “against, down”) and the base of πάλλω (pállō, “to shake, hurl”). Priscian notes it as a Greek masculine that…

It may be inherited from Proto-Italic *kates-nā-, from a stem *kat-es- also seen in caterva “crowd”. Wiktionary adds cassis “hunting net”, and reports Pokorny's root Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan thinks it cannot be a recent derivative of cūdō “to beat” and takes it from the stem of cauda “tail”, reconstructing Proto-Italic *kaud-ek-, from Proto-Indo-European…

It is a borrowing from an unknown source, in view of Ancient Greek κάπηλος (kápēlos, “huckster, innkeeper”) probably from a Mediterranean language. Wiktionary notes that the Greek word may be…

It is a derivative from Latin cavus (“hollow”), made like alveus from alvus, from a feminine of an adjective *caveus. Cavus is *kawo-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱouH-ó- (“hollow”).

1. The origin is disputed. De Vaan follows Lubotsky in taking it as inherited from Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to go away, avoid”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go…

The etymology is unknown. De Vaan allows *kelesri-, *kelisri- or *keledʰli- as possible earlier forms. The OLD tentatively suggests *kele-dʰli-, related to celer “swift”, and Döderlein and Lewis and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kēl-e/o-, probably made from a noun with a long vowel, Proto-Indo-European *ḱēl- (“hiding place”). The plain thematic verb *ḱel-e- survives in occulō “to hide”…

It is from Latin cēnseō (“to assess, rate”) + -tus, the action suffix. Wiktionary reconstructs Proto-Italic *kenssos, remade from *kenstos, Proto-Indo-European *ḱn̥s-tós, from Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kn̥tom, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dḱm̥tóm (“hundred”), continued directly. Cognate with Old Irish cét (“hundred”), Sanskrit शत (śatá, “hundred”), Avestan…

It is probably a loanword, either borrowed from Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós, “wax”) or from an unknown language. De Vaan notes that if the Doric form with ⟨ā⟩ is genuine, Latin took the Ionic-Attic…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kerasro-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-s-ro- (“brain”), literally “the thing in the head”. Nussbaum explains it as a noun made from an adjective “in…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krin-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-n-i- (“to sift, separate”), a nasal present of the root that Wiktionary gives as Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krito- (“distinguished, decided”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kri-to- (“sifted”), the old past participle of cernō “to sift, decide”. When its meaning…

The origin is uncertain. Walde and Hofmann proposed *kers-weik-s “head band”, from the root of cerebrum and vinciō “to bind”, which de Vaan finds semantically very doubtful. The suffix recalls…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ker(a)wo- (“horned animal, stag”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₂)-uo- (“having horns”). De Vaan considers this derivative of the word for “horn”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kieō (“to stir”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *keyh₂- (“to set in motion”). De Vaan reconstructs an aorist *(ḱ)ei(h₂)- “to start to move” and a participle…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kenis- (“ashes”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ken(H)-i- (“residue of fire, dust”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κόνις (kónis, “dust, ashes”) and Tocharian B…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κιννάμωμον (kinnámōmon, “cinnamon”). Wiktionary notes that the Greek might be explained as “Chinese amomum”, a word of unknown origin. Shorter forms cinnamum and…

It is from Latin circus (“ring”) + -ter, the adverb suffix, or from circum “around”, like propter.

It is from Latin circus (“ring”), its old accusative, used as an adverb, “in a ring”. De Vaan takes ⟨circus⟩ to be probably a loan from Ancient Greek κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”), also ⟨κίρκος⟩, of…

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + dō (“to give, put”), and Wiktionary suggests the second part was first ⟨-dō⟩, ⟨-dere⟩ “put”, later remade after ⟨dare⟩. De Vaan traces ⟨dō⟩ to…

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + dūcō (“to lead”).

It is from Latin circum (“around”) + eō (“to go”). De Vaan traces ⟨eō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”).

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + sistō (“to stand, set”). De Vaan traces ⟨sistō⟩ to Proto-Italic *sista/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *sti-sth₂- (“to put up, make stand”).

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + speciō (“to look”).

It is probably borrowed from Ancient Greek κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”), also found as κίρκος (kírkos). Ernout and Meillet's explanation as a partly reduplicated *ki-kr-o-, like curvus, de Vaan calls…

It is from Latin cīvis (“citizen”) + -icus.

It is from Latin cīvis (“citizen”) + -tās. cīvis goes back to Proto-Italic *keiwi- (“society”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱei-wo- (“friendly, intimate”). Vine takes cīvis as an abstract “society”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *klādē-, from Proto-Indo-European *klh₂-dʰeh₁- (“beating, destruction”), built on the root *kelh₂- “to beat”. Cognate with Ancient Greek κλάω (kláō, “to break”)…

It looks like a verb made from a noun meaning “shout, shouting”, inherited from Proto-Italic *klām-o/ā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₁-m(o)-, which Latin later replaced with clāmor. The…

Its origin is uncertain. Many have connected clāvis “bar” and clāva “club”, as “one who goes with a stick” or “one who is hampered”, from *klāw-idos, but de Vaan notes that an adjective in /-idus/…

It is from Latin claudō (“to shut”) + -trum, the instrumental suffix, from Proto-Italic *klaudtrom, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂ud- (“key, hook”). A spelling ⟨clostrum⟩ also occurs.

De Vaan derives it from the same basis as clāvus “nail” and clāvis “key”, from Proto-Italic *klāwo- (“closing, barring”), Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“to close”), perhaps first an adjective “which…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *klāwi- (“bar, bolt”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“to close; hook, peg”). De Vaan explains both the i-stem clāvis and the o-stem clāvus “nail” as…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *klāwo- (“closing, barring”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“to close”). It comes from the same base as clāvis “key”, and since clāva “club” exists too, de…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *klep-e/o- (“to steal”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *klep-e/o-. Cognate with Oscan kulupu (“of thieves”), Ancient Greek κλέπτω (kléptō, “to steal”), Ancient…

Its origin is unknown. It is also spelt clupeus, and de Vaan notes that such variation between /i/ and /u/ is common after /l/ before labials, as in libet beside lubet. Köbler and the TLL think it…