cervus

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ˈkɛr.wʊs]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈt͡ʃɛr.vus]^[1]

Forms

cervus m (genitive cervī); second declension^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ker(a)wo- (“horned animal, stag”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₂)-uo- (“having horns”).^[2][1] De Vaan considers this derivative of the word for “horn” Italo-Celtic, with cognates Welsh carw (“stag”) and Breton karo (“deer”).^[2][3] Related forms are Ancient Greek κεραός (keraós, “horned”) and Hittite karawar (“horn”); English hart is from the same root.^[2][3][4] It is related to cornū.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus,^[2][5] who has a man saying he would rather wrestle with a lion, a hydra or a stag than with Love.^[3] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^[5]

Semantic evolution

It was a stag or deer.^[3] Because they looked like antlers, the plural cervī was used of forked stakes set up against cavalry, as in Caesar and Varro, and Tertullian uses it of vine props.^[3][6]

In medieval British Latin it was the red deer and also an image of a hart, and herba cervī was the hart's-tongue fern.^[7] The DÉRom reconstructs Proto-Romance */ˈkɛrβ-u/, continued everywhere except Dalmatian and Istriot, as in Italian cervo, French cerf and Spanish ciervo.^[8]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus would rather wrestle with a stag than with Love.^[3][5]
• 116–27 BC – Varro explains the military cervī by their likeness to antlers.^[3][5]
• c. 50 BC – Caesar uses the plural of anti-cavalry stakes.^[6][5]

Meanings

Noun

1. A stag, deer.^[3]
2. (plural, military) Forked stakes against cavalry, chevaux-de-frise.^[3]
3. A vine prop.^[6]

Word family

• cerva
• cervārius
• cervīna
• cervīnus
• cervula
• cervulus

Related words

• cerebrum
• cernuus
• cornu
• English hart

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
4. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
7. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
8. ^ Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang, eds. (2008–), Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman (DÉRom), Nancy: ATILF, http://www.atilf.fr/DERom