Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *arti-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tí- (“the fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to fit, join”). From it were formed sollers “skilled”, from *soll-arti-…

It is from Latin artus (“joint, limb”) + -culus. De Vaan suggests it was coined as a singular to artus, which was used almost only in the plural. The noun is from Proto-Italic *artu-, from…

It is a compound from Latin ars (“art, skill”) + -fex (“maker”), with the stem ⟨arti-⟩ and the agent element, from faciō. Varro has ⟨artufex⟩. Isidore explains it as a general name for one who…

It is from Latin artus (“close, narrow”) + -ō. The TLL says it replaced an older verb ⟨artīre⟩. De Vaan traces ⟨artus⟩ to Proto-Italic *arto-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tó- (“fitted”).

1. The adjective is inherited from Proto-Italic *arto-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r-tó- (“fitted”), the participle of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit together”). Cognate with Sanskrit…

Its origin is uncertain. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *arow-i- (“entrails?”), and notes that haruspex “diviner from entrails” may share a base *aru-, if either its /h/ is hypercorrect or this…

It is a diminutive from Latin asinus (“ass”) + -ellus.

It is from Latin ad- + sequor (“to follow”). De Vaan traces ⟨sequor⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *asso- (“dried, roasted”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂d-to- (“dried up”), a participle of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”). Cognate with Umbrian aso…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ātro- (“black”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁-t-r- (“fire, fireplace”). Cognate with Umbrian atru (“black”), and further with Old Irish áith (“kiln”)…

The origin is disputed. De Vaan lists it under āter “black” as a derivative of *ātro-, on the view that the room first held the fireplace and was blackened by its smoke; this view was already…

It is from Latin ad- (“to”) + teneō (“to hold”). De Vaan traces ⟨teneō⟩ to Proto-Italic *tenē-, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥-eh₁- (“to hold”).

It is from Latin ad- + tangō (“to touch”). De Vaan traces ⟨tangō⟩ to the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *th₂-n-g- (“to touch”), cognate with Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tekan, “to touch”).

It is from Latin augeō (“to increase”) + -tiō, since the bids rise. Köbler traces ⟨augeō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase”).

It is from Latin augeō (“to increase”) + -tor, so “one who makes something grow”. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *auktōr, comparing Umbrian uhtur (“a magistrate”), though Wiktionary notes the…

1. The adjective is from Latin augeō (“to increase”), its perfect participle. De Vaan traces ⟨augeō⟩ to Proto-Italic *augeje/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow”). 2. The noun is from…

It is from Latin audiēns + -ia, ⟨audiēns⟩ being the present participle of audiō “to hear”.

It is from Latin audiō (“to hear”) + -tiō. De Vaan traces ⟨audiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *awizdje/o- (“to hear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-is (“clearly”) and Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-ye/o- (“to…

It is from Latin audiō (“to hear”) + -tor.

It is from Latin audiō (“to hear”) + -tus, a verbal noun of the fourth declension. De Vaan traces ⟨audiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *awizdje/o- (“to hear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-is (“clearly”) and…

It is from Latin au- (“away”) + ferō (“to carry”). Whether ⟨au-⟩ is the same as ab- is much disputed; the TLL compares Sanskrit अवभरति (avabharati, “takes down”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *augeje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eug-eie- (“to make grow”), from the root *h₂ewg- (“to grow”). An s-stem noun of the same root, kept in…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *aus(i)- (“ear”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eu(-)s- (“ear”). Cognate with Old Irish áu (“ear”), Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs, “ear”), Lithuanian ausìs…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ausōs (“dawn”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éus-ōs (“dawn”), extended with the feminine ending ⟨-a⟩, probably because the old word was feminine. The /s/…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *aus-tero- (“towards the dawn”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eus-tero-, from the root *h₂ews- “dawn”. De Vaan relates it to Lithuanian aušrà (“dawn”)…

It is from Latin avārus (“greedy”) + -ter, an adverb. ⟨avārus⟩ is from aveō (“to long for”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *awē- (“to be eager”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-eh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin avārus (“greedy”) + -itia. Avārus is from aveō “to be eager”, from Proto-Italic *awē-, Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-éh₁- (“to enjoy, consume”).

It is from Latin avidus (“eager, greedy”) + -tās. ⟨Avidus⟩ is from aveō “to desire”, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-eh₁- (“to enjoy, consume”).

It is from Latin avus (“grandfather”) + -culus, properly “little grandfather”. Wiktionary derives it from an ⟨n⟩-stem ⟨*h₂ewh₂-on-⟩, a dialectal diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂s…

The origin is unknown. Schrijver suggests *bagjelos, with a stem *bag- perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *pak- “pack”; de Vaan thinks it may be borrowed, from Germanic or from a Celtic word that…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *farðā, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”). Since PIE /bʰ/ normally became /f/ at the start of a Latin word, the expected form is ⟨*farba⟩…

It is from Latin barbarus (“foreign, barbarian”) + -ia. ⟨Barbarus⟩ is from Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “non-Greek”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “foreign, non-Greek”), an imitative word mocking unintelligible speech.

The origin is uncertain; the word is rare in literary Latin. The OLD and the TLL take it to be Gaulish, and the TLL compares Irish ⟨bath⟩ “slaughter, death”. Wiktionary considers a Gaulish or…

It is from Latin bellum (“war”) + -icus (Old Latin ⟨duellum⟩). The old form ⟨duellicus⟩ occurs in Plautus and Lucretius.

It is from Latin belliger (“warlike”) + -ō, ⟨belliger⟩ being from bellum “war” and gerō “to carry on”. De Vaan notes that ⟨bellum⟩ comes from older ⟨duellum⟩, still found in Plautus.

It is inherited from Old Latin *duenelos, a diminutive of duenos, the old form of bonus “good”, through *duenlos and *duellos. De Vaan reconstructs bonus as Proto-Italic *dweno- (“good”), perhaps…

It is from Old Latin ⟨*duenēd⟩, the ablative of ⟨duenos⟩, the older form of bonus “good”, inherited from Proto-Italic *dwenos (“good”). De Vaan explains that ⟨*due-⟩ became ⟨*duo-⟩ only before a…

It is from Latin bene (“well”) + dīcō (“to say”), and in Classical Latin it is always written ⟨bene dīcō⟩, separately.

It is from Latin benefaciō (“to do good”), the neuter of its participle, used as a noun, from bene (“well”) and faciō (“to do”). De Vaan explains ⟨bene⟩ from the ablative ⟨*duenēd⟩ of the ancestor…

It is from Latin beneficus (“generous, kind”) + -ium; ⟨beneficus⟩ is from bene “well” and faciō “to do”.

It is from Latin bene (“well”) + -ficus (“making”), from faciō. De Vaan traces ⟨bonus⟩ to Proto-Italic *dweno- (“good”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-eno-; ⟨bene⟩ is from its ablative…

Its origin is uncertain. A link with bonus “good”, from *dwenos, is attractive in meaning, but the formation is unclear. De Vaan suggests an adjective Proto-Italic *dwejo- (“happy”) beside *dwe-no-…

1. The origin of the beet is doubtful. Köbler, after the German etymological dictionaries, thinks it probably a Celtic loan. 2. The letter is borrowed from Ancient Greek βῆτα (bêta), from Phoenician…

It is from Latin bi- (“two”) + annus (“year”), formed like ⟨biennis⟩ “lasting two years” with the suffix -ium.

De Vaan reconstructs it as inherited from Proto-Italic *bistli-, following Schrijver's demonstration that the British Celtic words Welsh bustl (“gall”) and Breton bestl (“gall”) go back to *bistlis…

It is from Old Latin ⟨duis⟩, inherited from Proto-Italic *dwis, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”), an adverb from *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognates include Sanskrit द्विस् (dvís), Avestan…

It is onomatopoeic. De Vaan sees in it the simple form *bl- of the reduplicated balbus “stammering”, with an extension -at-. blaterō “to babble” belongs with it.

It is from Latin bonus (“good”) + -tās. An Old Latin form duonitās is recorded, matching the old form duonus of bonus.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”). Lewis and Short prefer the spelling ⟨bracchium⟩ to ⟨brāchium⟩.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *mreχ-u(-i-), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mrǵʰ-ú- (“short”). The PIE u-stem adjective was extended with *-i- in prehistoric Latin, as in dulcis, gravis and…

The origin is uncertain. The Oxford Latin Dictionary, Georges and the Thesaurus call it imitative. Ernout and Meillet suspected a Celtic origin, because it resembles beccus “beak” and Celtic…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD compares Lithuanian bulìs (“buttocks”) and Ancient Greek βομβυλίς (bombulís), and Köbler a root Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell”). Wiktionary also…

It was formed from Latin ūrō (“to burn”), from its compounds, participle ustum, by a false division: ambūrō “to burn around” was analysed as ⟨am-būrō⟩ instead of ⟨amb-ūrō⟩, giving a participle…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kaiko-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-ko- (“one-eyed”). Cognate with Old Irish cáech (“one-eyed”), Cornish cuic (“one-eyed”) and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (haihs…

Its origin is unknown. It has been reconstructed as *kaiwelo-libʰ- “living alone”, comparing Sanskrit केवल (kévala, “alone, one's own”), but de Vaan notes that the root and formation are unclear. De…

Its origin is unclear. Walde and Hofmann linked it with cūniō “to defecate” and inquinō “to soil”, which would need an original o-grade *koino-, but de Vaan calls this formally impossible without…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”). Wiktionary calls it a doublet of the native culmus “stalk”. Isidore derived the musical reed from ⟨calēre⟩, pouring out sounds.

It is from Latin calceus (“shoe”) + -ō, and the OLD also compares calx “heel”.

It is from Latin calx (“heel”) + -eus. A form ⟨calcius⟩ also occurs.