Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is the feminine accusative of a rare adjective, from Latin perperus (“wrong”), with ⟨viam⟩, “way”, understood. De Vaan thinks it possibly an adverb in ⟨-ām⟩ from ⟨*pero-⟩, “on the other side”…

It is formed from Latin per- + petō (“to make for, seek”), like praepes. The TLL suggests instead, with a question mark, that it is a poets' shortening of perpetuus, with which it agrees in meaning.

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + patior (“to suffer”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *pati- for ⟨patior⟩ but finds its origin unclear: it may belong with Ancient Greek πῆμα (pêma…

It is from Latin per- + patrō (“to bring about, accomplish”). Etymonline connects patrō with pater (“father”), from an original sense "bring into being".

1. The adverb is formed from Latin perpetuus (“continuous”) + -ō, the adverbial ending. De Vaan lists ⟨perpetuus⟩ under petō (“to make for, seek”), with perpes (“continuous”), from Proto-Italic…

It is the participle of an unattested compound ⟨*perplectō⟩, from Latin per- (“through”) + plectō (“to plait, twine”). De Vaan traces plectō to Proto-Italic *plekt- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin per- + pōtō (“to drink”). De Vaan lists the simple verb among the derivatives of pōtus (“drunk”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *pōto- (“drunk”) and Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-…

It is from Latin per- + pūrgō (“to clean”). That verb was earlier ⟨pūrigō⟩; following Dunkel, de Vaan takes it to contain Proto-Italic *pūr “fire” (from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂-ur) rather than…

It is from Latin per- (“very”) + quam (“how, as”). The TLL, after Leumann, takes ⟨-quam⟩ in the sense in some way, as in quisquam (“anyone”), but notes that others explain it differently.

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + quaerō (“to seek”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of quaerō, which goes back to Proto-Italic *kwai-s-e/o-; he finds best the proposal that this is a…

It is formed from Latin per- (“through”) + rumpō (“to break”). De Vaan traces ⟨rumpō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ru-n-p- (“to break”) and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *Hru-n-p- (“to break”), cognate…

It is from Latin per- (“very”) + saepe (“often”). De Vaan derives saepe from the noun saepēs (“hedge, fence”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *saip-i- and Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-i- (“to tie”)…

It is from Latin per- + scrībō (“to write”). De Vaan traces ⟨scrībō⟩ to Proto-Italic *skreif-e/o- (“to carve”) and Proto-Indo-European *skreibʰ-e/o- (“to carve”), cognate with Oscan scriftas…

It is from Latin per- + scrūtor (“to search, examine”). scrūtor is derived from scrūta (“discarded goods, trifles”), the original sense being to search through rubbish. De Vaan rejects a borrowing…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Περσικός (Persikós, “Persian”), from Πέρσης (Pérsēs, “a Persian”) and the adjective suffix -ικός (-ikós). In Latin it goes with Persae (“the Persians”).

It is from Latin perspicuus (“transparent, clear”) + -ē. The adjective is formed from perspiciō (“to see through”), a compound of speciō (“to look”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *spekje/o- and…

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + suādeō (“to advise”). De Vaan explains ⟨suādeō⟩ as a causative, “to make sweet, render agreeable”, from which “to recommend” developed; it took its root…

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + terreō (“to frighten”). De Vaan follows LIV in tracing ⟨terreō⟩ to Proto-Italic *tros-eje- (“to scare”) and Proto-Indo-European *tros-eie- (“to make…

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + timeō (“to fear”) + -scō, the inchoative suffix; Wiktionary takes it from pertimeō. The TLL compares extimēscō, and notes that a simple ⟨timēscō⟩ is…

It is from Latin per- + teneō (“to hold”) + -āx, an intensive “holding very fast”. The Thesaurus notes that its meaning connects it with tenāx (“tenacious”) rather than with pertineō (“to extend…

It is from Latin per- + tractō (“to drag about, handle”). De Vaan explains tractō as formed from tractus, the past participle of trahō (“to draw, drag”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *traχe/o-…

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + turbō (“to disturb”). ⟨turbō⟩ is from turba (“uproar, crowd”), whose origin de Vaan considers uncertain: the comparison with Sanskrit त्वरते (tvarate…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin pertundō (“to bore a hole through, perforate”). The verb is formed from Latin per- + tundō (“to beat, pound”).

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin pervertō (“to overturn; to corrupt”). That verb is from Latin per- + vertō (“to turn”), and Wiktionary traces vertō to Proto-Italic *wertō…

It is from Latin per- + vigilō (“to stay awake”). De Vaan lists it under vigeō, with vigil (“watchman; awake”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *wegli- and Proto-Indo-European *u̯eǵ-l-i- (“strong”)…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + vincō (“to conquer”). De Vaan traces vincō to Proto-Italic *wink- (“to tie, bind; overcome”) and Proto-Indo-European *ui-n-k- (“to bend, tie”), probably the…

It is formed from Latin per- (“through”) + via (“road, way”) + -us; the TLL takes it as a possessive compound describing places that have a road passing through them. De Vaan lists it among the…

It is usually taken as borrowed from Ancient Greek πάσσαλος (pássalos, “peg, nail”), adapted. The TLL objects that the vowel ⟨e⟩ and the meaning do not fit well; the word has the shape of a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “rock”), whose further origin is unknown. Jerome and Isidore of Seville already noted that it is Greek.

It is from Latin *petulāre, the participle of this lost verb, from Latin petō (“to aim at, attack”); the TLL takes that verb from an adjective petulus, perhaps preserved in glosses, and compares…

It is from Latin petulāns (“aggressive, insolent”) + -ia. De Vaan lists petulāns among the derivatives of petō (“to make for, attack”). Cicero already derived it from petō, as he derived procācitās…

It is from Latin philosophus (“philosopher”) + -or. The TLL compares φιλοσοφέω (philosophéō, “to philosophize”).

It is from Latin piō (“to appease, expiate”) + -culum. Wiktionary reconstructs Proto-Italic *pīāklom from Umbrian pihaclu. De Vaan derives that Umbrian word for a peace offering from ⟨*piā-tlo-⟩…

It is from Latin pingō (“to paint”) + -tor. De Vaan traces pingō to Proto-Italic *ping-e/o- (“to paint”) and Proto-Indo-European *pi-n-ḱ- (“to paint, adorn”), a nasal present. He compares Sanskrit…

It belongs to piger (“sluggish, reluctant”): the TLL suggests that a personal verb ⟨*pigeō⟩ “I am unwilling” first stood beside the adjective, as ⟨maceō⟩ beside ⟨macer⟩, and that the impersonal…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pigro- (“inactive”), beside *pigē- (“to fill with revulsion”), the source of piget (“it irks”). The further origin is unknown. The OLD compares Old Norse feikn…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pig-ē- (“to fill with revulsion”), beside *pig-ro- (“inactive”), the source of piger “sluggish”. The further origin of the root is unknown. De Vaan rejects a…

It is formed from Latin pingō (“to paint”) + -mentum (“suffix of means or result”). The verb pingō goes back to Proto-Italic *ping-e/o- (“to paint”) and Proto-Indo-European *pi-n-ḱ- (“to paint…

It is from Latin piger (“sluggish”) + -itia. De Vaan finds no root etymology for the adjective.

It is from Latin pius (“dutiful, pious”) + -ō. De Vaan traces pius to Proto-Italic *pwījo- and Proto-Indo-European *puH-io- (“purifying”), though the exact sound changes are disputed. Umbrian has a…

De Vaan takes it as a loanword from a Mediterranean language, shared with Ancient Greek ἄπιον (ápion, “pear”). Steinbauer derived both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pis-o-, and the TLL also sets up…

It is formed from Latin piscis (“fish”) + -ārius. piscis goes back to Proto-Italic *piski- (“fish”) and Proto-Indo-European *pisk- (“fish”).

It is from Latin piscor (“to fish”) + -tor. piscor is made from piscis (“fish”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *piski- (“fish”) and Proto-Indo-European *pisk- (“fish”), cognate with Old Irish…

It is from Latin piscis (“fish”) + -īna. The TLL reports this derivation from Leumann but suggests it may be the feminine of an adjective ⟨piscīnus⟩ used as a noun. De Vaan traces piscis to…

It is from Latin piscis (“fish”), a denominative verb. De Vaan traces piscis to Proto-Italic *piski- (“fish”) and Proto-Indo-European *pisk- (“fish”), noting that the vowel of the Celtic form is…

It is a diminutive from Latin pīnsō (“to pound, crush”), built on the root of that verb and of pistō (“to pound”). De Vaan takes it as the evidence that pīlum “pestle” goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin pīnsō (“to pound”) + -tor. De Vaan traces pīnsō to Proto-Italic *pins- (“to grind”) and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *pi-n-s- (“to grind”), comparing Sanskrit पिनष्टि…

The OLD derives it from Latin pīnsō (“to pound, crush”) with the suffix ⟨-trīnum⟩; Wiktionary and the TLL derive it from pistor (“pounder, miller, baker”) with ⟨-īnum⟩. De Vaan lists it among the…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin plācō (“to appease”). De Vaan takes plācō as probably a denominal verb of the same root as placeō “to please”, which he traces to…

It is formed from Latin plānus (“flat, level, clear”) + -ē. De Vaan traces plānus to Proto-Italic *plāno- and Proto-Indo-European *pl(e)h₂-nó- (“flattened”).

De Vaan reconstructs it as inherited from Proto-Italic *plau-d-e/o- (“to clap the hands”) and derives it from Proto-Indo-European *plh₂-u- (“palm of the hand, sole of the foot”); Oettinger and…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD derives it from ⟨*plaud-⟩, the root of plaudō (“to clap, beat”), with the suffix ⟨-trom⟩, and Köbler takes it as “a thing that creaks”. The Thesaurus, following…

It is from Latin plēbs (“the common people”) + -ius, formed on the older stem ⟨plēbē-⟩: de Vaan lists it from Plautus on under plēbēs, the earlier form of the noun. He reconstructs the noun as…

It is from Latin plērusque (“most, the greater part”), its neuter, used as an adverb (an adverbial accusative). De Vaan derives plērusque from the older plērus (“most of”), from Proto-Italic *plēro-…

It is from Latin plumbum (“lead”) + -eus. The origin of plumbum is uncertain. De Vaan, following Beekes, rejects a link with Ancient Greek μόλιβδος (mólibdos, “lead”) and sets it rather beside the…

It is from Latin plūrimus (“most”), its neuter used as an adverb and a noun. plūrimus is the superlative of plūs (“more”); de Vaan traces it to Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-ist(h₂)o-, from *pleh₁-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *-plos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-pl(H)-o-. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *dwiplo-, which became ⟨duplo-⟩, since Italic replaced ⟨dui-⟩ by ⟨du-⟩ in…

Its origin is uncertain. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *pluto- and allows a connection with Lithuanian plaũtas (“sweating shelf, sideboard”), Latvian plàuts (“shelf”) and Old Norse fleyðr…

It is from Latin pollen (“fine flour”), with the collective suffix ⟨-ta⟩; the TLL takes it as originally an adjective “provided with fine flour”, with the double ⟨ll⟩ of ⟨*pollen-ta⟩ simplified…

It is from Latin pollicitor (“to keep promising”) + -tiō, a frequentative of polliceor (“to promise”). De Vaan files polliceor under licet (“it is allowed”), from Proto-Italic *lik-ē- (“to be…