Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin pateō (“to be open”) + -ulus. De Vaan calls pateō an inner-Italic formation, Proto-Italic *patē-, on a base *pat- that he discusses under pandō (“to spread out”).

It is from Latin paucus (“few”) + -ulus, a diminutive. De Vaan traces paucus to Proto-Italic *pauko- (“few”) and Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-, the root of parvus (“small”).

It is formed from Latin paulus (“little”) + -ātim, the adverb suffix (or the neuter paulum (“a little”)). De Vaan lists it among the words of paucus (“few”): he doubts that paulus comes from…

It is formed from Latin paulus (“little”) + -per, originally a phrase with the ablative plural ⟨paulīs⟩ followed by a postposition. De Vaan explains ⟨-per⟩, which marks duration, as the preposition…

It is from Latin paululus (“very little”), its neuter, used as a noun and an adverb. paululus is a diminutive of paulus (“little”); de Vaan places both with paucus (“few”), from Proto-Italic *pauko-…

It is from Latin paulus (“little, small”), its neuter, used as a noun, and its accusative used as an adverb. The origin of ⟨paulus⟩ is disputed: Walde–Hofmann derive it from ⟨*pauk-slo-⟩, beside…

It is from Latin pauper (“poor”) + -culus, a diminutive. De Vaan traces the base to Proto-Italic *pau(o)-pa/oro- and further to Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-(o-)p(o)rh₃-o- (“providing little”); it was…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek παῦσις (paûsis, “a stopping, cessation”) according to L&S, Köbler and Wiktionary, a noun from παύω (paúō, “to stop, make cease”); the OLD only compares the Greek…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pawē- (“to be frightened”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pow-eh₁- (“to fear”). Cognate with Old Irish omun (“fear”) and Middle Welsh ouyn (“fear”), from…

It is formed from Latin paveō (“to be afraid”) + -idus. De Vaan derives ⟨paveō⟩ from Proto-Italic *pawē- and Proto-Indo-European *pou-eh₁- (“to fear”), following Schrijver in connecting it with…

It is from Latin peccō (“to err, do wrong”), its neuter past participle used as a noun. The origin of the verb is uncertain: Walde–Hofmann and Ernout–Meillet proposed ⟨*ped-ko-⟩, “stumbling with the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *petken- (“comb”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *p(e)tḱ-en-, a noun beside the verb pectō “to comb”. De Vaan compares Ancient Greek κτείς (kteís, “comb”) and…

It is from Latin pēs (“foot”), formed like manica (“sleeve; handcuff”). The OLD compares Ancient Greek πέδη (pédē, “fetter”). The noun pēs goes back to Proto-Italic *pōd- and Proto-Indo-European…

The OLD derives it from Latin per- + iūrō (“to swear”). The TLL objects that the form ⟨peierāre⟩ cannot contain ⟨per⟩ or ⟨iūrāre⟩, and takes it as from Latin peior (“worse”); Wiktionary likewise…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *penets, from Proto-Indo-European *pen-et-s (“food”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“to feed”). De Vaan explains it with penitus (“from within”)…

It is formed from Latin penes (“in the possession of, within”), with its ending after intrō (“to enter”), Wiktionary also names penitus (“inwardly”). English sources relate it to ⟨penitus⟩ and…

It is a diminutive from Latin pēnis + -culus, literally “a little tail”. De Vaan traces pēnis to Proto-Italic *petsni- (“tail”). It is usually connected with Proto-Indo-European *pes-ni- (“penis”)…

It is formed from Latin penus (“provisions”) + -tus, on the stem (as in penes and penetrō), like funditus, and first meant “from the inside”. De Vaan explains the sense through “food” > “store” >…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *penos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pen-os (“food”). Cognate with Lithuanian penė́ti (“to feed”). De Vaan cites Stüber's account of the meanings of the…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + ambulō (“to walk”). De Vaan derives the simple verb from Proto-Italic *ala- (“to wander”), Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₂- (“to wander”), with ⟨amb-⟩, “around”; he…

It is from Latin per- + bibō (“to drink”). The simple verb goes back to Proto-Italic *pibe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *pi-ph₃-e/o- (“to drink”); de Vaan explains its initial ⟨b-⟩ as assimilated to…

It is from Latin per- + bonus (“good”), with the intensifying prefix. Old Latin had the adjective as ⟨duenos⟩, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *dweno-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin per- + cieō (“to set in motion”). De Vaan traces cieō to the root of Proto-Indo-European *ḱei(h₂)- (“to start to move”), cognate with Ancient Greek κίνυμαι (kínumai, “to be moved”)…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin percieō (“to set in motion, stir up”), and that verb is a compound of per- (“through, thoroughly”) and cieō (“to set in motion, rouse”).

1. The verb meaning to cultivate is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + colō (“to till, tend, worship”). De Vaan traces colō to Proto-Italic *kwele/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kwelh1-e/o- (“to go…

The OLD derives it from Latin per- + contus (“pole”), a word borrowed from Ancient Greek κοντός (kontós, “pole”), with the verb ending ⟨-ō⟩. The TLL reports the view of ancient and modern scholars…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + coquō (“to cook”). De Vaan traces coquō to Proto-Italic *kʷekʷe/o- (“to cook”) and Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-e/o- (“to cook”).

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + discō (“to learn”). De Vaan traces discō to Proto-Italic *dikske/o- and reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *di-dḱ-sḱ-e/o- (“to take, accept”), with reduplication…

1. The adjective is from Latin perdō (“to destroy, lose”), its perfect passive participle. 2. The noun is from Latin perdō, with the suffix -tus.

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + dūcō (“to lead”), “to lead through”. De Vaan traces dūcō to Proto-Italic *douke- and Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).

It is from Latin per- + duellum (“war”), the old form of bellum. The TLL suggests that the form with ⟨du⟩ survived because perduelliō had become a legal term, comparing rebellis beside rebellō; de…

It is from Latin per- + dūrō (“to harden; to last”). The simple verb is formed from dūrus (“hard”), and de Vaan explains its sense “endure, last” as grown out of “be hard”. He traces the adjective…

It is from Latin per- + edō (“to eat”). De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *ed- (“to eat”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁éd-mi (“to eat”), and compares Oscan edum (“to eat”), Ancient Greek…

It is formed from Latin per (“through”) + annus (“year”) + -is, “lasting through the year”. The TLL reconstructs ⟨*per-atn-i-⟩ and compares the same formation in Umbrian perakne, a quality of…

It is from Latin perfacilis (“very easy”), its neuter used as an adverb. That adjective is from Latin per- (“very”) + facilis (“easy”), and de Vaan lists facilis among the derivatives of faciō (“to…

It is from Latin per- (“very”) + facilis (“easy”). facilis comes from faciō (“to do, make”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *fak-i- and the aorist of Proto-Indo-European *dheh1- (“to put”).

It is formed from Latin per- (“through”) + ferō (“to carry”). De Vaan derives ferō from Proto-Italic *fere/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-e/o- (“to carry”); the past participle ⟨-lātum⟩ belongs…

It is formed from Latin perfidus (“faithless”) + -ia. The adjective is per- with fidēs (“faith, trust”), as in the phrase ⟨per fidem dēcipere⟩, “to deceive through trust”. De Vaan traces ⟨fidēs⟩ to…

It is from Latin perfidia (“faithlessness, treachery”) + -ōsus (“full of”). perfidia is from perfidus (“faithless”), made from per- and fidēs (“trust”). De Vaan traces that noun to…

It is from Latin per- + fodiō (“to dig”). De Vaan traces fodiō to Proto-Italic *foþ-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-i- (“to poke, dig”); cognate with Hittite padda- (“to dig”) and Lithuanian bèsti…

It is from Latin per- + frangō (“to break”). De Vaan traces ⟨frangō⟩ to Proto-Italic *frang- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-n-ǵ- (“to break”), a nasal present, cognate with Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan, “to…

It is from Latin perfugiō (“to flee for refuge”) + -ium. ⟨perfugiō⟩ is from per- and fugiō (“to flee”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”), cognate with Ancient…

It is formed from Latin per- (“through”) + regō (“to direct”), through ⟨*per-regō⟩. De Vaan derives regō from Proto-Italic *reg-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-e/o- (“to stretch, direct”)…

It is from Latin per- (“very”) + grandis (“large”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of grandis, from Plautus on. He finds the origin of ⟨grandis⟩ unclear: Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny connected…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD, Lewis and Short and Georges see it as from Latin pergō (“to go on, proceed”) + -ula, formed like tēgula from tegō, and Köbler also allows this. De Vaan notes that…

It is a verb from Latin perīculum (“trial, danger”) + -itō, or rather from the verb perīculor (“to try out, risk”). De Vaan lists all three under pariō, deriving ⟨perīculum⟩ from Proto-Italic…

It is a compound from Latin per- + inde (“from there, thence”). The TLL notes that, unlike proinde (“therefore”), with which manuscripts often confuse it, it lacks the inferential sense “therefore”…

The OLD forms it from Latin pēierō (“to swear falsely”) + -ium; Lewis and Short and Köbler from periūrus (“perjured”). Both belong to iūrō (“to swear”), from iūs (“law, oath”). According to Leumann…

It is formed from Latin per- + iūs (“law, oath”), like perfidus; the TLL explains it as one who deceives through an oath, and the OLD derives the form ⟨pēiūrus⟩ from the verb pēierō (“to swear…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + lūceō (“to shine”). De Vaan derives lūceō from the root of lūx (“light”), Proto-Italic *louk- and Proto-Indo-European *leuk- (“light”).

It is from Latin perlūceō (“to shine through”) + -idus, as the OLD has it; the TLL takes it as ⟨per-⟩ added to lūcidus (“bright”). Both go back to the family of lūx (“light”), which de Vaan traces…

It is from Latin per- + mānō (“to flow, trickle”). De Vaan takes mānō as perhaps a verb made from a noun ⟨*māno-⟩, which he tentatively compares with Old Irish móin and Welsh mawn (“peat-bog…

It is from Latin per- + mētior (“to measure”). De Vaan explains the simple verb as made from a noun Proto-Italic *mēti- (“measurement”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-ti-, which he also finds in…

It is formed from Latin per- (“very”) + multus (“much, many”); Wiktionary sets up Proto-Italic *perimoltos. De Vaan derives ⟨multus⟩ from *molto-, perhaps Proto-Indo-European *m(o)l-to- (“good…

It is from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + mūtō (“to change”). De Vaan, who dates it from Plautus, treats mūtō under mūtuus (“borrowed, mutual”): both presuppose a noun Proto-Italic *moito-…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + negō (“to deny, refuse”). De Vaan derives the simple verb from the negative particle nec, which goes back to Proto-Italic *ne (“not”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin pernīx (“swift, agile”) + -tās. De Vaan derives pernīx from perna (“haunch, leg”), though one would rather expect ⟨*pernāx⟩, since no other etymology offers itself. He traces perna…

It is from Latin pernox (“lasting all night”) + -ō, or formed directly from per- and nox (“night”), like peragrō. De Vaan traces nox to Proto-Italic *nok(w)-t- and Proto-Indo-European *nógʷʰ-t-s…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + nōscō (“to get to know”). De Vaan traces nōscō to Proto-Italic *gnōske- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵnh₃-sḱé- (“to know”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + pellō (“to push, drive”). De Vaan traces pellō to Proto-Italic *pelna- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *pl-n(e)-h₂- (“to approach”), with a shift…