Latin words first recorded in the 2nd century BC

It is from Latin annus (“year”) + -ālis. The noun is the adjective used alone, short for ⟨annālis liber⟩ “yearly book”.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan, after Ernout and Meillet, says it cannot be known whether “top of a priest's cap” or “point” is the older sense; if the first, a link with apiō (“to fasten”) is…

It is from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + spīrō (“to breathe”). De Vaan reconstructs spīrō as Proto-Italic *spīr/s- and thinks it may imitate the sound of breathing; it has no direct cognates.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄτομος (átomos, “uncut, indivisible”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) and τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”), which Etymonline traces to Proto-Indo-European *tem- (“to cut”). Albert the…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐλαία (aulaía, “curtain”), remade in Latin. Köbler connects the Greek word with αὐλή (aulḗ, “courtyard, hall”). Servius explained the name from the hall of…

It is from Latin baculum (“staff, walking stick”) + -lum, a diminutive. De Vaan thinks the base word is probably a loanword from an unidentified source, since words in ⟨*bak-⟩ for a staff or peg…

1. The blockhead is borrowed from Etruscan *paru according to Köbler, and the OLD too labels it Etruscan. Wiktionary calls the origin unknown but probably a loan, and compares bardus (“stupid”), an…

The origin is uncertain: the OLD marks it doubtful, and Köbler calls it of unknown origin, probably a loanword. Lewis and Short connect it with bōs (“ox, cow”). Wiktionary derives it from…

It is borrowed from Gaulish *brāca (“trousers”): the TLL calls it a Gaulish word and cites Diodorus for it. Wiktionary suggests that the Gaulish word itself may come from Proto-Germanic *brōks…

It is a word of Gaulish origin; the TLL notes that Diodorus already calls it Gaulish. According to Wiktionary, it is borrowed from Gaulish *brāca, probably Transalpine Gaulish and perhaps itself…

It is of imitative origin, beside the verb cachinnō (“to laugh loudly”). Wiktionary compares Sanskrit खक्खति (khakkhati, “laughs”), and Köbler an interjection ⟨*ka⟩ “ha”.

The OLD derives it, with hesitation, as from Latin canis (“dog”) + -īcus, and the TLL also thinks it seems to come from the word for dog, comparing cantabrum, another name for bran. Paulus' epitome…

It is from Latin caupō (“tradesman, innkeeper”) + -a, formed on the stem ⟨caupōn-⟩ with the feminine ending.

It is from Latin centēnus (“a hundred each”) + -ārius, formed on the distributive numeral, which the OLD and Lewis & Short give in its usual plural ⟨centēnī⟩. The numeral itself is made from centum…

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + volitō (“to fly about”); the TLL compares circumvolō (“to fly around”). De Vaan lists volitō among the derivatives of volō (“to fly”); following Muller, he…

It is from Latin collūdō (“to play together”) + -tor. That verb is formed with con- from lūdō (“to play”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *loid-e/o- (“to play”) and Proto-Indo-European *loid- (“to…

It is from Latin con- + canō (“to sing”). De Vaan traces canō to Proto-Italic *kan-e- and Proto-Indo-European *kh₂n-e- (“to sing”), with cognates such as Old Irish cainid (“sings”) and Welsh canu…

It is the inchoative of ⟨*concupiō⟩, formed with -scō: from Latin con- + cupiō (“to desire”). De Vaan traces cupiō to Proto-Italic *kup-i- and Proto-Indo-European *kup- (“to tremble, desire”).

It is from Latin cōnficiō (“to make, complete, finish off”) + -tor. De Vaan treats cōnficiō under its base faciō (“to make, do”).

It is from Latin con- + taberna (“hut, booth”) + -ālis, beside contubernium (“sharing a tent”). De Vaan takes taberna as a derivative of trabs (“beam”) with the first /r/ lost by dissimilation…

It is from Latin crēta (“chalk, white clay”) + -ātus. The origin of crēta is uncertain: de Vaan prefers a connection with Celtic words for “mud, clay” to the old explanation as “sifted” earth from…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *kumo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mo- (“heap”). De Vaan compares Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “wave; foetus, sprout”). Schrijver doubts the…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “swell, wave, billow; fetus, embryo”), from κύω (kúō, “to be pregnant, conceive”). The Greek plural is κύματα (kúmata); Greek has no first-declension…

It is formed from Latin decumus (“tenth”) + -ānus. ⟨decumus⟩ (later ⟨decimus⟩) is the ordinal of decem (“ten”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *dekm̥ and Proto-Indo-European *deḱm̥ (“ten”)…

It is formed from Latin dēleō + -tiō.

It is from Latin dē- (“down, thoroughly”) + ūrō (“to burn”). De Vaan traces ūrō to Proto-Italic *ouse/o- (“to burn”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁eus-e/o- (“to burn”). Cognate with Sanskrit ओषति…

It is from Latin dis- + sociō (“to join, unite”), from socius (“companion”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sokjo- and Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-(h₂)-i-o- (“companion”). Cognate with Sanskrit…

It is from Latin ēluō (“to wash out”) + -iēs. The TLL compares ēluviō, of the same meaning. De Vaan lists the verbs in ⟨-luere⟩ under lavō (“to wash”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *lowa- and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔμβλημα (émblēma, “insertion, inlay”), a noun from ἐμβάλλω (embállō, “to throw in, insert”), which is formed from ἐν (en, “in”) and βάλλω (bállō, “to throw”).

It is from Latin eques (“horseman”) + -ō.

It is from Latin fingō (“to shape, invent”), its participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces ⟨fingō⟩ to Proto-Italic *finge/o- (“to knead, form”) and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin fleō (“to weep”) + -bilis. Priscian derived it from the future ⟨flēbō⟩, to explain the long ⟨ē⟩. De Vaan traces ⟨fleō⟩ to Proto-Italic *flē- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁-…

It is from Latin follis (“bag, bellows, ball”) + -culus, a diminutive. De Vaan connects follis with Proto-Celtic *bol-, as in Old Irish ball (“member, limb”) and Welsh balleg (“sack, purse”), but…

It is from Latin frangō (“to break”) + -mentum (“noun suffix”), formed like fragmen, which has the same meaning. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *frang-, from the nasal present…

It is from Latin frīgidārius, used as a noun in the neuter, from frīgidus (“cold”). The adjective goes back to frīgus (“cold”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *srīgos and…

It is from Latin frīgida (“cold water”) + -ārius, from frīgidus (“cold”). De Vaan lists the noun frīgidārium under frīgus (“cold, frost”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *srīgos- and…

It is from Latin fulciō (“to prop up”) + -crum. The OLD calls the formation of the ending doubtful. The verb's own origin is unclear: its stem is often compared with Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx…

The origin is uncertain: the OLD marks it as doubtful and the TLL as unknown. Köbler, following Pokorny, compares Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”), and Wiktionary gives the same…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γαυσάπης (gausápēs, “frieze, shaggy cloth”), according to Wiktionary, Köbler, Saalfeld and Lewis & Short; Köbler, citing Frisk, adds that the Greek word came from…

It is from Latin geminus (“twin, double”) + -ō. De Vaan traces geminus to Proto-Italic *jemno- (“paired”) and Proto-Indo-European *iemH-no- (“paired, connected”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κράβατος (krábatos), also written with ⟨ττ⟩. Lewis & Short call the Greek word Macedonian.

It is from Latin grandis (“great”) + aevum (“age”) + -us. De Vaan finds no convincing etymology for grandis: he rejects the comparison with Ancient Greek βρένθος (brénthos, “pride”), and finds that…

It is from Latin gubernō (“to steer”). The TLL reports Leumann's view that it is a back-formation from gubernāculum, which speakers took for a diminutive, and Fohalle's view that it comes from a…

Its origin is disputed. It is often explained as a borrowing from Umbrian, where Umbrian gomia and kumiaf mean “pregnant (sows)”; on this view the Latin word first meant “paunch, fat-belly”. De Vaan…

It is perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”), in a reduplicated form; this is the root of vorō (“to devour”) and Ancient Greek βάραθρον (bárathron, “pit”), but de Vaan and…

It is from Latin hībernō (“to spend the winter”) + -culum. hībernō comes from hībernus (“of winter”), which de Vaan derives from hiems (“winter”). Varro already derived it from the word for winter.

It is from Latin hinniō (“to neigh”) + -tus, an action noun. The verb is imitative. De Vaan counts it among the verbs of sound in ⟨-īre⟩, with glōciō (“to cluck”) and grundiō (“to grunt”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos, “song, hymn”). The Greek word, found from the Odyssey on, has no certain etymology; Beekes considers a derivation from ὑμήν (humḗn), as a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek εἴδωλον (eídōlon, “image, phantom; idol”), from εἶδος (eîdos, “form, shape”). Etymonline notes that Jewish and early Christian writers already used the Greek word…

It is from Latin ignōbilis (“unknown; low-born”) + -tās. ignōbilis is in- (“not”) with nōbilis (“known, noble”), from the root of nōscō (“to get to know”); de Vaan reports Leumann's view that…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + nōmen (“name”) + -ia: the loss of one's good name. The ⟨g⟩ is that of cognōmen, introduced from cognōscō; inscriptions also have the spelling ⟨ingn-⟩. De Vaan…

It is from Latin in (“in”) + prīmus (“first”), originally the phrase ⟨in prīmīs⟩ with the ablative plural of the adjective. De Vaan explains prīmus as a superlative, Proto-Italic *prī̆-isamo-…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + conditus (“put together, founded”), the participle of condō (“to put together, found, store”). Servius' commentary explains ⟨condere⟩ as to compose, so that this is…

It is formed from Latin in- (“on, upon”) + *cumbō, ⟨*cumbō⟩ being, a nasal present of cubō (“to lie down”) that is found only in compounds such as accumbō, dēcumbō and prōcumbō.

It is from Latin in- + fīgō (“to fix, fasten”). De Vaan reconstructs fīgō as Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ-e/o- or ⟨*dʰiHgʷ-e/o-⟩; the old form ⟨fīvere⟩ preserved by Paulus' abridgement of Festus…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *n̥gwen-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *n̥gʷ-ēn (“the naked one”), an ⟨n⟩-stem from the root of nūdus (“naked”). It is cognate with Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn…

The OLD analyses it as from Latin inter- + nex (“violent death”) + -iō, and the TLL likewise derives it from inter and nex; Lewis and Short and Wiktionary take it from the verb internecō (“to…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD compares Ancient Greek ἔντυβον (éntubon) and ἴντυβος (íntubos), but notes that the Greek words may themselves be borrowed from Latin. The TLL, following Spitaler…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + ūsitātus (“customary”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ūtor (“to use”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *oit-e/o- (“to use”) and, with a question mark…

It is from Latin in- (“in”) + rēte (“net”) + -iō, “to get into a net”. The noun rēte goes back to Proto-Italic *rēti-. The manuscripts spell it with ⟨inr-⟩ and ⟨irr-⟩ indiscriminately.