Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin aquila (“eagle”) + -fer (“bearing”), literally “eagle-bearer”. The second element belongs to ferō (“to carry”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).

It is from Latin aqua (“water”) + -or, a verb made from the noun. De Vaan traces aqua to Proto-Italic *akwā- (“water”), with a Germanic cognate in Old High German aha (“water”), and thinks the…

It is from Latin ad- + struō (“to pile up, build”). De Vaan traces struō to Proto-Italic *strow-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *streu-e/o- (“to strew”), comparing Old Irish sruïd (“throws”).

It is from Latin auxilium (“help”) + -āris. De Vaan files auxilium under augeō (“to increase”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *augeje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eug- (“to grow”), comparing…

It is the singular and adjective of the people's name Batāvī, from Proto-Germanic *Batawjō (“good island”). Köbler compares Proto-Germanic *bataz (“good”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰā̆d- (“good”)…

It is formed from Latin beneficium (“favour, benefit”) + -ārius; the noun is the adjective used substantively.

It is from Latin caprea (“roe deer”) + -olus. The TLL compares caper (“goat”) and caprea; Priscian thought it was formed from a nominative ⟨capreus⟩.

It is from Latin conclāmō (“to shout together”) + -tiō. That verb is con- with clāmō (“to shout”), which de Vaan takes to be made from a lost noun for “shout” and traces to Proto-Italic *klām-o/ā-…

It is from Latin contabulō (“to cover with boards”) + -tiō, a verb formed from con- and tabula (“board, plank”). De Vaan finds the origin of the noun uncertain.

It is from Latin contignō (“to furnish with a structure of joists”) + -tiō. A Latin glossary explains it as a joining of beams, a beam being called tignum. De Vaan traces that noun to Proto-Italic…

It is formed from Latin dē- (“down”) + clīvus (“slope, hill”) + -is, the adjective ending, like acclīvis and prōclīvis. De Vaan traces clīvus to Proto-Italic *kle/oiwo- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin dēclīvis (“sloping downwards”) + -tās. The adjective is formed from dē- and clīvus (“slope”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *kle/oiwo- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱloi-uo-…

It is from Latin dēdō (“to give up, surrender”) + -īcius, made from the participle ⟨dēditus⟩; Lewis & Short and Köbler connect it with the noun dēditiō (“surrender”). dēdō is a compound of dē- and…

1. Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin dēiciō (“to throw down”). dēiciō is dē- (“down”) with iaciō (“to throw”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *jak-i- (“to throw”) and…

It is from Latin dē (“from”) + super (“above”). De Vaan traces super to Proto-Italic *super(i) (“above”) and Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)uper(i) (“over, above”), comparing Umbrian super (“on top”) and…

It is from Latin dē- (“down, away”) + tractō (“to handle, drag about”). The TLL compares both dētrahō (“to pull off”) and tractō. De Vaan derives tractō from tractus, the participle of trahō (“to…

It is from Latin dis- + currō (“to run”). De Vaan traces ⟨currō⟩ to Proto-Italic *korse/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kr̥s-e/o- (“to run”), cognate with Old Irish carr (“vehicle”) and with the Gaulish…

It is from Latin discurrō (“to run about”) + -tus. discurrō is a compound of currō (“to run”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *kr̥s-e/o- (“to…

It is a Gaulish word, borrowed from Gaulish *ensedon, apparently made from the equivalents of “in” and “sit”, as the OLD and Köbler give it; Köbler links its parts to Proto-Indo-European *en (“in”)…

It is from Latin ēvocō (“to call out, summon”), its perfect passive participle used as a noun.

It is from Latin exigō (“to drive out; demand”) + -tor, built on the stem ⟨exāct-⟩. exigō is a compound of ex- and agō (“to drive”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- (“to do, act”) and…

It is from Latin excurrō (“to run out”) + -tus, a fourth-declension noun of action. excurrō is a compound of ex- and currō (“to run”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- and…

It is from Latin explōdō (“to drive off by clapping, hiss off”) + -tiō. The verb is formed from ex- (“out”) and plaudō (“to clap the hands”), and was first a word of the theatre, for driving an…

It is from Latin ex- (“out”) + serō (“to join, string together”). De Vaan traces serō to Proto-Italic *sere/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ser-e/o- (“to thread, tie together”), comparing Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin fīdūcia + -ārius, from fīdūcia (“trust; a pledge”), which belongs with fīdō (“to trust”). That verb goes back to Proto-Italic *feiþe- and Proto-Indo-European *bheidh-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin frūmentor (“to forage for grain”) + -tiō, from frūmentum (“grain”). De Vaan derives frūmentum from ⟨*frūg-men-⟩, on the stem of fruor (“to enjoy”), and notes a similar formation on…

It is from Latin frūmentum (“grain”) + -ō. De Vaan lists frūmentum among the derivatives of fruor (“to enjoy the produce of”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *frūg-je/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin Germānī (“the Germans”) + -icus.

It is formed from Latin in- + citō (“to set in motion”). ⟨citō⟩ is the frequentative that replaced cieō (“to stir, move”), which became obsolete in Classical Latin; de Vaan derives ⟨cieō⟩ and its…

It is from Latin in- (“on”) + nītor (“to lean, strive”). De Vaan reconstructs nītor as Proto-Italic *kniχw-et- and, with Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny, connects it with cōnīveō (“to be tightly closed”)…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + stabilis (“steady, firm”). stabilis is made from stō (“to stand”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sta-ē-je/o- (“to stand”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin in (“in, into”) + vicis (“turn, change”), with the accusative ⟨vicem⟩. De Vaan derives ⟨vicis⟩ from Proto-Italic *wik- (“turn”) and Proto-Indo-European *uik- (“a turn”), perhaps…

It is formed from Latin legiō (“legion”) + -ārius. The noun comes from legō (“to gather, choose”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *lege- and Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to collect”)…

It is a Gaulish tribal name. Wiktionary explains it as from Gaulish *lemos (“elm”) + *vices (“winners”), the first part going back to Proto-Celtic *limos and Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“elm”).

It is from Latin Liburnus (“Liburnian”), used as a noun with nāvis (“ship”) understood: the ship of the Liburni, a people of Illyria.

It is from Latin longus (“long”), but the TLL finds the formation unclear; the OLD explains it like longuriō “a tall person”. The adjective goes back to Proto-Italic *(d)longo- and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek μαλακία (malakía, “softness”), from μαλακός (malakós, “soft”). Köbler connects the Greek adjective with Proto-Indo-European *mel- (“to crush, grind”).

It is from Latin pābulor (“to graze, forage”) + -tor. The verb comes from pābulum (“fodder”), which de Vaan derives from pāscō (“to feed, pasture”); that family goes back to Proto-Italic *pāþlo- and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Φάρος (Pháros), the name of the island off Alexandria, which Latin also wrote ⟨Pharos⟩. Caesar says that the tower on the island took its name from the island, and…

The TLL, Georges, Gaffiot and Wiktionary derive it from Latin pōns (“bridge”), the TLL explaining that the name was given to boats fitted with plank decks or used in place of bridges. The OLD…

It is from Latin post- + pōnō (“to put, place”). De Vaan explains pōnō from ⟨*po-sinō⟩ “to put down”, Proto-Italic *po-sine/o-, a compound of sinō.

It is formed from Latin potēns + -ātus, the adjective potēns “powerful” being the present participle of possum (“to be able”).

It is from Latin prae- + dūcō (“to lead, draw”). dūcō goes back to Proto-Italic *douk-e- and Proto-Indo-European *deuk-e/o- (“to draw”).

It is from Latin prae- + fīgō (“to fix”). De Vaan sets up Proto-Indo-European *dʰeigʷ-e/o- or ⟨*dʰiHgʷ-e/o-⟩ for fīgō, comparing Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, sting”); the old form ⟨fīvere⟩ keeps…

It is from Latin prae- + secō (“to cut”). De Vaan traces secō to Proto-Italic *sekaje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *sekh₁-ie/o- (“to cut off”). Cognate with Umbrian prusekatu (“to cut out”).

It is from Latin prōveniō (“to come forth”) + -tus. The verb is a compound of prō- and veniō (“to come”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to come”).

It is from Latin prō- (“forth”) + volō (“to fly”). De Vaan derives volō from Proto-Italic *gʷela-je/o- and finds it conceivable that this goes back to Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁- (“to raise the…

It is from Latin quīnque (“five”) + ūncia (“twelfth part”), literally “five twelfths”. De Vaan explains it as quīnqu- with ūncia; the numeral goes back to Proto-Italic *kwenkwe (“five”) and…

It is from Latin re- + cēnseō (“to assess, estimate”).

The origin is disputed. The OLD and Lewis & Short think it probably related to ruber (“red”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *h1rudh-ró- (“red”). Wiktionary takes it from Proto-Italic…

It is a later form, from Latin scandula (“shingle”), reshaped, according to Lewis & Short, as if it came from scindō (“to split”). Wiktionary calls it an alteration of the Classical word, attested…

The OLD calls the origin doubtful. Lewis & Short connect it with the root of sternō “to spread” and with Ancient Greek στορέννυμι (storénnumi, “to spread out”), Georges with the same Greek verb and…

It is formed from Latin sub (“under; just after”) + inde (“from there; then”).

It is from Latin subsidium (“reserve troops; support”) + -ārius. De Vaan lists subsidium among the derivatives of sedeō (“to sit”).

It is from Latin sub- (“under”) + fodiō (“to dig”). De Vaan traces fodiō to Proto-Italic *foþ-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-i- (“to poke, dig”), cognate with Lithuanian bèsti (“to stick, drive…

It is from Latin tendō (“to stretch”) + -tōrium, literally something stretched out. De Vaan traces tendō to Proto-Italic *tend- and Proto-Indo-European *ten-d(h)- (“to stretch”).

It is from Latin trāns- (“across, through”) + fodiō (“to dig, pierce”). De Vaan traces fodiō to Proto-Italic *foþ-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bhodh-i- (“to poke, dig”).

It is from Latin trāns- + vehō (“to carry”). De Vaan traces vehō to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ueǵh-e/o- (“to carry”). Cognate with Sanskrit वहति (váhati, “carries”), Lithuanian…

It is formed from Latin tri- (“three”) + rēmus (“oar”) + -is, the adjective ending; Wiktionary suggests it may be a calque of Ancient Greek τριήρης (triḗrēs). De Vaan reconstructs rēmus as…

It is from Latin ululō (“to howl”) + -tus, an action noun. De Vaan calls ululō an onomatopoeic verb for a sound like ⟨u⟩; it may go back to Proto-Indo-European, but this cannot be proved. He…