Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

1. The adjective “neglected” is from Latin neglegō (“to disregard, neglect”), its past participle. De Vaan explains the ⟨-e-⟩ of ⟨-legere⟩ as a sign that such compounds are fairly recent, probably…

It is from Latin neglegēns (“careless”) + -ter, from the present participle of neglegō (“to neglect”). De Vaan takes neglegō for a fairly recent compound formed with legō (“to collect”), which he…

It is from Latin negōtior (“to do business”) + -tiō, from negōtium (“business”), made of nec (“not”) and ōtium (“leisure”). Augustine explains it as leisure denied.

It is from Latin negōtior (“to do business”) + -tor. The verb comes from negōtium (“business”), which de Vaan, after Benveniste, takes as a compound ⟨*nec-ōtium⟩ “non-leisure”, perhaps modelled on…

It is from Latin negōtium (“business”) + -or. De Vaan reports Benveniste's view that negōtium was a compound of nec (“not”) and ōtium (“leisure”) from the start, perhaps a calque of Ancient Greek…

It is the inchoative from Latin niteō (“to shine”) + -scō. De Vaan explains ⟨niteō⟩ from a participle ⟨*nitos⟩ “made bright”, but finds no Indo-European root that fits.

It is formed from Latin nix (“snow”) + -ālis, on the stem ⟨niv-⟩. Wiktionary traces nix to Proto-Italic *sniks (“snow”) and Proto-Indo-European *snígʷʰs (“snow”); the OLD compares Ancient Greek νίφα…

It is formed from Latin nix (“snow”) + -eus, on the stem ⟨niv-⟩. De Vaan traces ⟨nix⟩, ⟨nivis⟩ to Proto-Italic *sn(e)iw- (“snow”) and Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”), cognate with Ancient…

It is from Latin noceō (“to harm”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *nokeje- (“to cause death”) and Proto-Indo-European *noḱ-eie- (“to make…

It is from Latin nōmen (“name”) + calō (“to call out”) + -tor, the agent suffix. Martial and Suetonius have ⟨nōmenculātor⟩, and an inscription ⟨numunclātor⟩.

It is from Latin nōn (“not”) + numquam (“never”), written as one word.

It is from Latin notō (“to mark, note”) + -bilis. The verb is from nota (“mark”), whose origin de Vaan leaves open: it cannot come from the root of “to know”, and Schrijver's tentative derivation…

It is from Latin nōtus (“known, famous”) + -ēscō, an inchoative. nōtus is the past participle of nōscō (“to get to know”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *gnōske- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *(ks)nowātlo-. De Vaan explains it as an instrument noun ⟨*sneu̯āklo-⟩, from older ⟨*ksneu̯āklo-⟩, built on a verb stem ⟨*(ks)neu̯ā-⟩, itself derived from…

It is from Latin nūbēs (“cloud”) + -cula, a diminutive. De Vaan reconstructs ⟨nūbēs⟩ as Proto-Italic ⟨*(s)nouþ-(i-)⟩, Proto-Indo-European *(s)newdʰ-, cognate with Welsh nudd (“haze”) and Avestan…

It is from Latin nūbō (“to marry (of a woman)”) + -ilis. Wiktionary also allows -bilis, with ⟨-bibi-⟩ reduced to ⟨-bi-⟩ by haplology. De Vaan reconstructs the verb as Proto-Italic *(s)nū/ouf-e/o-…

It is from Latin numerōsus (“numerous; rhythmical”) + -ē, an adverb, from numerus (“number”). De Vaan traces ⟨numerus⟩ to Proto-Italic *nomeso-, from Proto-Indo-European *nem-os (“apportioning”).

It is from Latin numerus (“number, rhythm”) + -ōsus. Wiktionary takes numerus back to Proto-Italic *nomezos, from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute”).

It is from Latin nūndinor (“to trade, traffic”) + -tiō. The verb comes from nūndinae (“market day”), the market held every ninth day, which de Vaan derives from a form “of the ninth day”, made of…

It is from Latin nūtrīx (“nurse”) + -ula, a diminutive. The noun nūtrīx goes back to Proto-Italic *(s)noutrī and Proto-Indo-European *sneu-tr-ih₂- (“female nurser”).

It is formed from Latin nūtriō (“to nourish, suckle”) + -mentum. Etymonline traces nūtriō to Proto-Indo-European *(s)nau- (“to swim, flow, let flow”).

It is from Latin obiciō (“to throw before, put in the way; to reproach”), the neuter of its perfect passive participle used as a noun.

It is from Latin obiūrgō (“to reprove, rebuke”) + -tiō. obiūrgō is a compound of ob- and iūrgō (“to quarrel”); de Vaan thinks iūrgō and iūrgium are based on a noun meaning roughly "bringing the…

It is from Latin obiūrgō (“to rebuke”) + -tor.

It is from Latin oblectō (“to delight, amuse”) + -mentum. De Vaan lists oblectō among the compounds of a verb lactō (“to entice”), which goes with laciō and the stem Proto-Italic *lak- (“to draw…

It is from Latin oblectō (“to delight, amuse”) + -tiō. The OLD analyses oblectō as ob- and lactō, and Wiktionary traces that verb to laciō (“to entice”). The grammarian Donatus already linked the…

It is from Latin obligō (“to bind, oblige”) + -tiō.

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect passive participle from Latin obligō (“to tie up, oblige”). That verb is a compound of ob- and ligō (“to tie”), which de Vaan traces, with a question mark, to…

It is from Latin oblīquus (“slanting, sideways”) + -ē. De Vaan calls the origin of the adjective unknown: the closest words in form and meaning are līmus (“transverse”) and sublīmis, but he finds no…

It is from Latin ob- + nūbō (“to veil (as a bride)”), and Gaffiot connects it with nūbēs “cloud”. De Vaan reconstructs ⟨nūbēs⟩ as Proto-Italic ⟨*(s)nouþ-(i-)⟩, Proto-Indo-European *(s)newdʰ-…

It is formed from Latin oboediēns (“obedient”) + -ia, from oboediō (“to obey”), which is itself formed from ob- and audiō (“to hear”). The TLL compares audientia.

It is from Latin obscēnus (“ill-omened; indecent”) + -tās. De Vaan takes the spelling ⟨obscaenus⟩ as the original form of the adjective and finds worth considering its analysis as “coming from the…

It is from Latin obscūrus (“dark, obscure”) + -ē, the adverb of the adjective. The origin of obscūrus itself is disputed: de Vaan thinks its first meaning was darkened or covered, and finds a stem…

It is from Latin obsecrō (“to beseech, implore”) + -tiō. The verb is formed from ob- and sacrō (“to consecrate”), and de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of sacer (“sacred”), which he traces to…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin observō (“to watch, observe”). That verb is a compound of ob- and servō (“to watch over, keep”). De Vaan reports Rix's view that the…

It is from Latin observāns (“observing”) + -ia, the present participle of observō (“to watch, heed, respect”), which is a compound of ob- and servō (“to keep, watch”).

It is from Latin obsideō (“to besiege”) + -tiō. obsideō is a compound of ob- and sedeō (“to sit”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sed-ē- (“to be seated”) and Proto-Indo-European *sed-eh₁-…

It is from Latin obsignō (“to seal up”) + -tor (“agent suffix”), “one who seals”. The verb is built on signō (“to mark, seal”), from signum (“mark, sign”), which de Vaan takes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin ob- + soleō (“to be accustomed”) + -scō, an inchoative, as the OLD and the TLL take it. Wiktionary divides it instead as obs- and olēscō. Caesellius, quoted by Cassiodorus, already…

It is the participle from Latin obsolēscō (“to wear out, fall into disuse”), used as an adjective. Wiktionary analyses that verb as obs- and olēscō (“to grow”), while Etymonline takes it as ob- with…

It is from Latin obstinō (“to set one's mind on”) + -tiō. De Vaan lists that verb, attested from Naevius on, among the derivatives of stō (“to stand”).

It is from Latin ob- + strepō (“to make a noise”). The verb strepō goes back to Proto-Italic *strepe/o-; de Vaan doubts that it is inherited from the parent language, since it is found only in Latin…

It is from Latin obstruō + -tiō, an action noun from the verb meaning “to build up against, block”.

It is from Latin ob- (“against, in the way”) + struō (“to pile up, build”).

It is from Latin ob- (“before, against”) + tendō (“to stretch”); compare ostendō. De Vaan traces ⟨tendō⟩ to Proto-Italic *tend-, from Proto-Indo-European *ten-d(ʰ)- (“to stretch”), the root that…

It is from Latin obtestor (“to call to witness, implore”) + -tiō. The verb is a compound of ob- and testor, which can be derived directly from testis (“witness”); de Vaan explains the noun as “the…

It is from Latin obtrectō (“to disparage”) + -tor. Festus explained it as one who acts against a person who handles a matter rightly, connecting it with tractō (“to handle”).

It is from Latin ob- + tractō (“to drag, handle”). De Vaan derives tractō from ⟨tractus⟩, the past participle of trahō (“to draw, drag”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *traχe/o-; its closest…

It is the present participle from Latin occidō (“to fall down; to set”), used as an adjective and as a noun, the place of the setting sun. That verb is a compound of ob and cadō (“to fall”), which…

It is from Latin occīdō (“to kill”) + -iō (“noun suffix”). The TLL refers it to the verb but suggests that it may originally have been formed beside excidiō, excidium and discidium, and compares…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek οἰκονομικός (oikonomikós, “of household management”), from οἰκονόμος (oikonómos, “household manager”), from οἶκος (oîkos, “house”) and νόμος (nómos, “law, rule”).

It is from Latin offendō (“to strike against”) (from its past participle), formed like repulsa from ⟨repellō⟩.

It is from Latin offendō (“to strike against”) + -tiō, from ob- and ⟨*fendō⟩ “to strike”, seen also in dēfendō.

1. Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin offendō (“to strike against; to offend”). De Vaan explains that verb as a compound of an inherited verb ⟨-fendō⟩ “to strike”, kept only…

It is from Latin olea (“olive tree”) + -aster, which marks a wild or inferior kind.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux, “nail, claw; onyx”), the stone being named after the colour of a fingernail. Köbler traces the Greek word to Proto-Indo-European *h₃n̥gʷʰ- (“nail, claw”).

It is an adverb, from Latin operōsus (“painstaking, laborious”), formed with -ē. The adjective is made from opera (“work, effort”), and Köbler traces it to opus (“work”), which goes back to…

It is from Latin opera (“work, effort”) + -ōsus. The noun opera belongs to opus (“work”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *opes- (“work”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-os (“work”). Cognate with…

It is from Latin operiō (“to cover, shut”): the neuter of its perfect passive participle opertus (“covered, hidden”), used as a noun. De Vaan reconstructs the verb as Proto-Italic *op-wer-i(e)- (“to…

It is from Latin oppidum (“town”) + -ānus. For the noun oppidum de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *op-pe/od-o- (“obstructing”), and thinks it likely, following Walde and Hofmann, that it first meant…