operosus

Forms

operōsus (feminine operōsa, neuter operōsum, comparative operōsior, superlative operōsissimus); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin opera (“work, effort”) + -ōsus.^[2][1] The noun opera belongs to opus (“work”),^[1] which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *opes- (“work”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-os (“work”).^[3] Cognate with Oscan upsed (“erected”).^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is Cicero,^[4] who says that old age is not idle but busy and always doing something.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Of persons it means devoting much care to a task, diligent or painstaking, and in Ovid of a herb, active or effective.^[2] Of tasks it is laborious or hard, as Cicero's “it is a laborious business and needs a very careful man”, and Pliny the Elder uses it of a busy time of year for farmers.^[2] Of things it means made with much effort, elaborate, as in Cicero's law that no tomb should be more elaborate than ten men could make in three days.^[2] Church Latin glosses it “active, busy, industrious, painstaking, toilsome, laborious”,^[5] and in Medieval Latin it means decorated.^[6] English operose is from the 1670s.^[7]

Timeline

• 81–43 BC – Cicero of a busy old age and of elaborate tombs.^[2][4]
• 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of an effective herb.^[2][4]
• 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of a busy season.^[2][4]
• 1670s – Borrowed into English as operose.^[7]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Painstaking, diligent, busy, industrious; of a remedy, effective.^[2][8][5][1]
2. Laborious, hard; of time, busy.^[2][5][1]
3. Made with much effort, elaborate.^[2]
4. (Medieval Latin) Decorated.^[6]

Word family

• operōsitās

Related words

• opera
• opus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
5. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
6. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press