Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is formed from Latin oppugnō (“to attack, besiege”) + -tiō; compare impugnātiō. The verb is formed from ob- (“against”) and pugnō (“to fight”), from pugna (“fight”); de Vaan puts ⟨pugnus⟩ “fist”…

It is from Latin oppugnō (“to attack, assault”) + -tor. De Vaan lists oppugnō among the derivatives of pungō (“to prick”), from Plautus on; he assumes a separate Proto-Italic *pug- “fist” behind…

It is from Latin opus (“work”) + -culum, a diminutive. De Vaan traces opus to Proto-Italic *opes- (“work”) and Proto-Indo-European *h3ep-os (“work”), and compares Sanskrit अपस् (ápas-, “work…

It is from Latin ōrātiō (“speech”) + -unculus (“diminutive suffix”). The noun comes from ōrō (“to plead, speak”), which de Vaan takes as a verb formed on ōs (“mouth”).

It is from Latin ōrdō (“row, order”) + -ō, the verb suffix, a doublet of ōrnō. A deponent ⟨ōrdinor⟩ also occurs, and inscriptions spell it ⟨urden-⟩.

Used as a noun, it is the present participle from Latin orior (“to rise”), with sōl (“sun”) understood. The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *or-i- (“to rise”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃r-i- (“to…

It is from Latin ōrnātus (“equipped, adorned”) + -ē. The adjective is the participle of ōrnō (“to equip, adorn”), which de Vaan explains as the original denominal verb of ōrdō (“row, order”), from a…

It is from Latin ostendō (“to show”), its past participle, used as a noun. ostendō is a compound of tendō (“to stretch”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *tend- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin pāx (“peace”) + -ficus (“making”), from faciō.

It is from Latin pāx (“peace”) + -ō, the verb suffix. The TLL notes that the spelling ⟨pak-⟩ of the Duenos inscription may belong here.

It is from Latin pangō (“to fix, fasten”) (from its root), like pāgus. The verb is from Proto-Italic *pang-, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂-n-ǵ-. The sense may come from papyrus sheets fastened to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek παλαιστρίτης (palaistrítēs, “one who trains in the palaestra”), from παλαίστρα (palaístra, “wrestling school”), from παλαίω (palaíō, “to wrestle”), whose further…

It is from Latin palpō (“to touch softly, stroke”) + -itō, a frequentative verb. De Vaan finds no etymology for palpō; to explain the second vowel of this verb and of palpebra (“eyelid”), Serbat…

It is from Latin pannus (“cloth, rag”) + -ōsus. For pannus, de Vaan sees in the similar Ancient Greek πῆνος (pênos, “woven cloth”) and Old High German fano (“cloth”) borrowings from an unknown…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr, “panther, leopard”), with the Greek accusative ending made into a first-declension noun, as in statēra from στατήρ (statḗr) and crātēra. Köbler…

It is from Latin parō (“to furnish, obtain”) + -bilis. De Vaan derives parō from Proto-Italic *parāje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *prh₃-o- (“providing”), usually explained as a verb made from a noun…

It is from Latin parentālis (“of parents”), its neuter plural, used as a noun, which is from Latin parēns (“parent”) + -ālis.

It is from Latin pāscuus (“used for pasture”), its neuter, used as a noun. De Vaan lists pāscuus (from Plautus) among the derivatives of pāscō (“to feed, pasture”), which he traces to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin pateō (“to be open”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan calls pateō an inner-Italic formation, Proto-Italic *patē-, on the base of pandō (“to spread out”)…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek παθικός (pathikós, “passive”), from πάσχω (páskhō, “to suffer, undergo”). The TLL notes that the Greek word does not seem to occur in Greek authors, apart from a…

It is from Latin patiēns (“enduring, patient”) + -ter, the adverb of the present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”). The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *pat-i-; its further origin is…

It is from Latin patrōnus (“patron”) + -cinium, formed like lēnōcinium; the TLL suggests it stands for an older ⟨*patronicinium⟩, beside the verb patrōcinor (“to protect”), which is attested…

It is from Latin paucus + -tās, from the adjective “few”. De Vaan derives ⟨paucus⟩ from Proto-Italic *pauko- (“few”) and Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-.

It is from Latin pecūlor (“to embezzle”) + -tor, from pecūlium “private property”. Köbler connects it with pecus “cattle”.

It is from Latin pecunia (“money”) + -ārius. The TLL also records a rare third-declension form pecūniāris. pecūnia comes from pecu “cattle”, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱu- (“livestock”).

It is from Latin pecūnia (“money”) + -ōsus. pecūnia “property” is formed on pecū “cattle”, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *peku- and Proto-Indo-European *peḱ-u- (“cattle”). He compares Umbrian…

It is from Latin pellis (“skin, hide”) + -ītus, a derivation already explained by the grammarian Priscian. De Vaan traces pellis to Proto-Italic *pelni- and Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni- (“skin…

It is a diminutive from Latin pēniculus (“brush”), or, as the OLD analyses it, from Latin pēnis + -cillus. Cicero himself explains it: the ancients called a tail ⟨penis⟩, and the brush was named…

It is from Latin pēnsō (“to weigh”) + -itō, a frequentative. Gellius lists it among the frequentatives and derives it through the participle pēnsus from pendō (“to weigh out, pay”). De Vaan traces…

It is from Latin per- (“very, thoroughly”) + acūtus (“sharp”). De Vaan lists acūtus among the derivatives of a stem ⟨acu-⟩ “pointed”, which goes back to Proto-Italic *aku- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin per- + aequē (“equally”). The adverb aequē comes from aequus (“level, equal”), for which de Vaan reconstructs a form ⟨*aikwos⟩ but finds no convincing etymology.

It is from Latin per- (“very”) + angustus (“narrow”). De Vaan lists angustus among the derivatives of angō (“to squeeze”); it goes back to Proto-Italic *angosto- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin per- + brevis (“short”). De Vaan traces that adjective to Proto-Italic *mreχ-u(-i-) and Proto-Indo-European *mrǵh-ú- (“short”).

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + cēnseō (“to count, reckon”). De Vaan traces cēnseō to Proto-Italic *knsē- (“to estimate”) and Proto-Indo-European *ḱns-eh₁- (“to announce”), cognate with Sanskrit…

It is from Latin per- + crēbrēscō (“to become frequent”). The TLL notes that crēbrēscō is found only from Virgil on, so the compound may rather have been formed by changing the prefix of…

It is formed from Latin percutiō (“to strike, beat”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin percutiō (“to strike through, kill”) + -tor. The verb is formed from per- and quatiō (“to shake”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *kʷat-i-; its further origin is unclear, and…

It is from Latin perdō (“to destroy, lose”) + -tor, an agent noun. De Vaan lists that verb (from Naevius on) among the Latin compounds in ⟨-dō⟩ that may continue Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin peregrīnor (“to travel or live abroad”) + -tiō. The verb is from peregrīnus (“foreign”), from peregrē (“abroad”), which de Vaan explains as *pere-agro-, “what is beyond the land or…

It is from Latin per- + exiguus (“small, scanty”), with the intensive prefix. De Vaan derives the simple adjective from exigō (“to drive out”), a compound of agō (“to drive”), which goes back to…

It is from Latin perfectus (“complete, perfect”) + -ē, the participle of perficiō (“to complete”), a compound of per- and faciō (“to make”). De Vaan derives faciō from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-k-…

It is from Latin perficiō (“to complete, perfect”) + -tiō; ⟨perficiō⟩ is from per- and faciō “to make”. De Vaan traces ⟨faciō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put”).

It is formed from Latin per (“through”) + fidēs (“faith, trust”) + -us, compare pēiūrus (“perjured”). The TLL explains it from the phrase ⟨per fidem⟩ joined with verbs of deceiving, “to deceive by…

It is from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + fruor (“to enjoy”). De Vaan traces fruor to Proto-Italic *frūg-je/o- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-ie/o- (“to use”), comparing Old English brūcan (“to use”).

It is formed from Latin perfugiō (“to flee for refuge, desert”) + -a of agent nouns. The verb is a compound of per- and fugiō (“to flee”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *fug-i- and…

It is formed from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fundō (“to pour”). De Vaan traces ⟨fundō⟩ to Proto-Italic *χunde/o- and a nasal present Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰu-n-d- (“to pour”), from the…

It is from Latin per- + fungor (“to perform, discharge”). De Vaan traces fungor to Proto-Italic *fung-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰu-n-g- (“to be of use, be used”), comparing Sanskrit भुञ्जते…

It is from Latin per- + grātus (“pleasing”), with the intensive prefix. De Vaan traces the simple adjective to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto- (“grateful”) and Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-to- (“praised (in a…

The OLD and the TLL derive it from Latin per- + horrēscō (“to bristle, shudder”). Wiktionary also allows a formation from perhorreō (“to tremble greatly”) with the inchoative suffix ⟨-scō⟩. De Vaan…

It is a learned borrowed from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “going round, cycle”), from περί (perí, “around”) and ὁδός (hodós, “way”). It is also written ⟨perihodus⟩, as in Festus.

It is from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + lūstrō (“to purify; to go round, survey”). The TLL explains its senses from the different uses of the simple verb, with the ritual of purification by…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + maneō (“to remain”). De Vaan traces ⟨maneō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-éh₁- (“to remain”).

It is from Latin permittō (“to allow, entrust”) + -tus, a verbal noun of the fourth declension. That verb is formed with per- from mittō (“to send, let go”).

It is from Latin perpetuus (“continuous, permanent”) + -tās. De Vaan lists perpetuus, like perpes (“continuous”), among the words formed from petō (“to make for, seek”).

It is from Latin persequor (“to follow persistently, pursue”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin persevērāns + -ia, the present participle of persevērō (“to persist”).

It is formed from Latin per- (“thoroughly”) + sevērus (“strict, serious”) + -ō, the verb ending, or from an adjective persevērus (“very strict”). The TLL suggests a lost verb ⟨*sevērāre⟩ “to be…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + sonō (“to sound”).

It is from Latin perspiciō (“to see through, examine”): the participle of that verb, used as an adjective. The verb is a compound of per- (“through”) and speciō (“to look at”), which goes back to…

It is from Latin per- + stō (“to stand”). The verb stō goes back to Proto-Italic *sta-ē-je/o- (“to stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-eh₁-ie/o- (“to stand”). Cognate with Umbrian stahu (“I…