Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from ⟨*fortu-⟩ “chance”, an unattested noun from Latin fors (“chance”), on the root, with the suffix ⟨-ītus⟩, formed like grātuītus. A similar u-stem lies behind fortūna.

It is from Latin fodiō (“to dig”) + -tor, formed on the participle stem ⟨foss-⟩. De Vaan traces fodiō to Proto-Italic *foþ-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-i- (“to poke, dig”). Cognate with Hittite…

It is from Latin frangō (“to break”), its participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces frangō to Proto-Italic *frang-, with a participle *fragto-, and to Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-n-ǵ- (“to…

It is from Latin fragilis (“brittle, frail”) + -tās. The adjective belongs to frangō (“to break”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-n-ǵ- (“to break”), with Germanic cognates such as…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin frāgrō (“to smell strongly”). De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *fragro- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰrh₁g-ro- (“smelling”)…

It is formed from Latin frāter (“brother”) + -cīda; the TLL and Georges derive it from the word for brother and caedō (“to kill”). The word for brother goes back to Proto-Italic *frāter- and…

It is from Latin fraudō (“to cheat, defraud”) + -tor, an agent noun. The verb is made from fraus (“deceit, harm”). For the noun de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *frawV- and, with a question mark…

It is from Latin frēnum (“bridle”) + -ō. De Vaan traces frēnum to Proto-Italic *frēno- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰr-eh₁-no- (“holding”); Ernout and Meillet's link with frendō, as what the horses…

It is from Latin frequēns (“crowded, frequent”) + -ō, the verb suffix. Medieval manuscripts spell it ⟨frae-⟩.

According to the OLD it is from Latin frīgus (“cold”) with the first-conjugation verb ending. The TLL thinks it was rather drawn from refrīgerō (“to cool down”), itself a derivative of frīgus.

It is from Latin frūgālis (“thrifty, worthy”) + -tās, from frūx “fruit, worth”. De Vaan derives ⟨frūx⟩ from the root of fruor, Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use”).

It is from Latin fūcō (“to dye, paint”), its perfect participle used as an adjective. The verb is formed from fūcus (“red dye; rouge”), which is borrowed from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed…

It is from Latin fungor (“to perform, discharge”) + -tiō.

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect participle from Latin fundō (“to lay the foundations of, found”). That verb is derived from fundus (“bottom”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *fundo- and…

It is from ⟨*fūnesris⟩, from Latin fūnus (“funeral”).

It is from Latin fūnestus (“deadly, defiled by death”) + -ō. De Vaan lists the adjective among the derivatives of fūnus (“funeral, death”).

It is from Latin furō (“to rage, be mad”), its present participle, used as an adjective. The origin of the verb is unclear: de Vaan finds none of the many proposals convincing, and the OLD…

It is from Latin furia (“rage; a Fury”) + -ālis. De Vaan derives furia from furō (“to rage”), for which, he says, many etymologies have been proposed and none is clearly the best.

It is from Latin furō (“to rave, rage”) + -bundus. De Vaan finds no convincing etymology for furō: many have been proposed, none clearly better than the others.

It is from Latin fundō (“to pour”) + -tiō, built on ⟨fūs-⟩, the stem of the supine and participle; Wiktionary explains the /s/ and the long vowel by Lachmann's law or by the perfect ⟨fūdī⟩.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan suggests a derivation from the root ⟨-fūt-⟩ “strike, hit”; the formation in ⟨-uere⟩ points to an earlier noun or adjective *futu-, perhaps meaning “a strike, a…

It is from Latin sum (“to be”), its future participle, formed on the perfect stem fuī. De Vaan derives it from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂u-tó-, from *bʰ(e)h₂u- (“to become”), and notes that the short…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan treats it with the older neuter gāneum and thinks it probably a loanword: in form and meaning it may be connected with West Semitic words for a garden, such as…

It is from Latin geminus (“twin”) + -ellus, a diminutive. De Vaan traces geminus to Proto-Italic *jemno- (“paired”) and Proto-Indo-European *iemH-no- (“paired, connected”), with ⟨g-⟩ perhaps taken…

It is from Latin generālis (“general”) + -ter, the adverb of the adjective. The adjective comes from genus (“birth, kind”).

It is from Latin generō (“to beget”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin generō (“to beget”) + -tor, the agent suffix, ⟨generō⟩ being from genus “birth, race”.

It is from Latin genus (“birth, stock”) + -ōsus. Servius explains it as from ⟨genus⟩.

It is from Latin genius (“guardian spirit”) + -ālis. Etymonline connects genius with the root Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”). Festus says the genial gods were named from gerō, and lists…

1. The OLD suggests it was formed from ingenuus “native, freeborn” on the analogy of adulterīnus “spurious”, and Etymonline also mentions that influence. Wiktionary proposes a u-stem *genus from…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία (geōgraphía, “description of the earth”), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) and γράφω (gráphō, “to write”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γεωμέτρης (geōmétrēs, “land measurer, geometer”). The Greek word is a compound of γῆ (gê, “earth, land”) and the stem of μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γεωμετρία (geōmetría, “geometry, land survey”), from γῆ (gê, “earth, land”) and μετρέω (metréō, “to measure”). Köbler takes the second part back to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γεωμετρικός (geōmetrikós, “geometrical”). Köbler connects that word with Ancient Greek γῆ (gê, “earth”) and μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Γίγας (Gígas, “giant”), which Köbler considers probably Pre-Greek. A form gigāns is also found.

The origin is unknown. Pokorny compared words for round or lumpy things, such as Ancient Greek γογγύλος (gongúlos, “round”), Lithuanian gùnga (“hunch, lump”) and Old Norse kǫkkr (“ball”), but de…

It is from Latin glōrior (“to boast”) + -tiō, from glōria (“glory”). De Vaan reports the etymology of ⟨glōria⟩ as ⟨*gnōria⟩ “knowledge, fame”, akin to gnārus and ignōrō, as accepted by some scholars…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Γοργώ (Gorgṓ), the name of a female monster with a petrifying look. Etymonline derives the Greek name from γοργός (gorgós, “grim, fierce, terrible”), a word of…

It is from Latin grāmen (“grass”) + -eus. De Vaan traces grāmen to Proto-Italic *grā(s)men- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰrh₁-(s-)mn- (“grass”), cognate with Old High German gras (“grass”) and Old…

It is short for ⟨ars grammatica⟩, a partial calque from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ) ⟨τέχνη⟩ “art of letters”, from γραμματικός (grammatikós, “of letters”), from γράμμα (grámma, “letter”)…

It is from Latin grātus (“pleasing; grateful”) + -ē. De Vaan traces grātus to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto- (“grateful”) and Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-to- (“praised in a song”), with cognates in Oscan…

It is formed from Latin grātificor (“to do a favour, oblige”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin grātus (“pleasing”) + -ficus + -ō, “to make pleasing”; the TLL compares the phrase “grātum facere alicui” “to do someone a favour”. De Vaan traces grātus to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto-…

It is from Latin grātia (“favour, grace”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces ⟨grātus⟩ to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto- (“grateful”), Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-to- (“praised (in song)”), cognate with Oscan ⟨brateis⟩…

It is from Latin grātuītus (“free of charge”) + -ō. De Vaan lists grātuītus among the derivatives of grātus (“pleasing”) and notes that it seems to presuppose a u-stem Proto-Italic *gʷrātu-, which…

It is formed from Latin grātulor (“to congratulate, give thanks”) + -tiō. The verb is built on grātus (“pleasing, grateful”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *gʷrāto- (“grateful”) and…

It is from Latin grex (“flock, herd”) + -ālis. De Vaan traces ⟨grex⟩ to Proto-Italic *gʷreg-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreg- (“group, herd”).

It is from Latin gubernō (“to steer”) + -culum. The verb is from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω (kubernáō, “to steer”).

It is from Latin gubernō (“to steer”) + -tiō (“action noun suffix”). The verb is from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω (kubernáō), to steer.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “ring, circle”). Etymonline relates the Greek word to γυρός (gurós, “rounded”) and, perhaps, to Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve”); Köbler…

It is from Latin habilis (“handy, apt”) + -tās, from habeō “to have, hold”.

It is from Latin habitō (“to dwell, inhabit”) + -bilis.

It is from Latin habitō + -tor, the agent noun of habitāre (“to dwell”), which is a frequentative of habeō (“to have, hold”).

It is formed from Latin hāc (“on this side, by this way”) + tenus (“as far as”), ⟨hāc⟩ being the ablative feminine of hic (“this”).

It is from Latin haesitō (“to stick, hesitate”) + -tiō. De Vaan lists haesitō among the derivatives of haereō (“to stick”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *χais-ē-; he finds no credible comparison…

The OLD takes it from Latin helluō (“glutton, squanderer”). De Vaan argues the reverse: although the noun is attested earlier, it is probably derived from the verb, which itself suggests an older…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἑνδεκασύλλαβος (hendekasúllabos). It passed into Italian as endecasillabo.

It is from Latin hērēditās (“inheritance”) + -ārius. hērēditās is from hērēs (“heir”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *χērēd-; he finds most likely Nussbaum's view that it is a noun made from…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἡρωικός (hērōikós, “of heroes”), from ἥρως (hḗrōs, “hero”) and the suffix -ικός (-ikós).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἡρῷος (hērôios, “heroic; the heroic metre”), a contracted form of ἡρώϊος (hērṓïos), which belongs to ἥρως (hḗrōs, “hero”); Latin borrowed the noun as hērōs.