contrudo

Forms

contrūdō (present infinitive contrūdere, perfect active contrūsī, supine contrūsum); third conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin con- + trūdō (“to push, thrust”).^[2][1][3] De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *treude/o- and Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”), and compares Welsh cythrudd (“to vex”), Lithuanian triū̃sas (“work, effort, pains”) and Old Norse þrjóta (“to lack”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The earliest examples in Lewis and Short and the TLL are in Lucretius,^[5][3][6] who uses it of the force of the wind driving clouds together and of the current that seems to thrust a horse's body upstream.^[5][7]

Semantic evolution

Lewis and Short describe it as mostly pre-classical.^[5] Lucretius also uses it of bodies lying heaped together deep in the huts, penitusque casa contrusa iacebant corpora.^[5][7] It is used of cramming or stowing things away: Varro of pressing grapes into jars,^[5][8] Cicero of people crowded into the baths.^[5][8] Ammianus Marcellinus uses it of a person thrust off to an island.^[8][5]

Timeline

• 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of clouds and bodies crowded together.^[5][6]
• 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of pressing grapes into jars.^[5][6]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of crowding people into the baths.^[5][6]
• c. 390 AD – Ammianus Marcellinus uses it of thrusting someone away to an island.^[8][6]

Meanings

Verb

1. To thrust or drive in a given direction; to crowd together.^[2][5]
2. To thrust away into a container or place, cram, stow.^[2][7]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
7. ^ a b c Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
8. ^ a b c d Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn