Etymology and origin of the Hungarian word egész
- Confidence
- Uncertain
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- c. 1315 Gyulafehérvár Lines (the derivative egészség)
- Borrowed from
- Alanian *ægaš
Pronunciation
- [ˈɛɡeːs][1]
Forms
egész[1]
Etymology
Its origin is uncertain.[2][3] TESz, EWUng, ÚESz and Zaicz suggest, with reservations, that it may be borrowed from Alanian *ægaš (“undiminished, whole”).[2][4][3][5][1] The related word survives in Ossetian ӕгас (ægas, “whole, complete; healthy; alive”), which ÚESz and EWUng analyse as a compound of the negative prefix ⟨æ-⟩ and ⟨kas-⟩ “to lessen”.[3][4] TESz considers the Ossetian etymology unsettled.[2] Munkácsi first proposed the Ossetian source, and set aside Budenz's comparison with Ob-Ugric words for “big” and “much”.[6][7]
The difficulty is the vowel of the second syllable: an Alanic ⟨*ægas⟩ would lead one to expect Hungarian ⟨*egësz⟩ with an open ⟨ë⟩, but the Hungarian vowel was close from the earliest records.[2][3][5] The sense “healthy” would come from Alanic, and “whole, intact” perhaps too.[3][2] TESz rejects Finno-Ugric comparisons and Turkic and Mongolic origins.[2]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is of the derivative egészség “health”, in the Gyulafehérvár Lines of about 1315 (ÚESz: the second half of the 13th century): Koorsagbon walaknok egessege, “the health of those who are in sickness”.[2][3] The adjective itself is in the Jókai Codex, copied about 1448 from a text written after 1372: egez baratok es betegek, “healthy friars and sick ones”; the Königsberg glossary of about 1380 glosses Latin sanus “healthy” with Egyz.[2][8] The earliest sense was thus “healthy”.[2][3]
Semantic evolution
The sense “healthy” went out of use once egészséges (1513) had taken it over.[2] “Intact, whole” is recorded in the Vienna Codex (copied about 1450) and “all, entire” from about 1495; the other senses developed from “whole”.[2][3] The adverb “completely; rather” is dated 1752 by TESz and 1580 by ÚESz, and the noun “a whole” 1770 by TESz and 1577, in an arithmetic book, by ÚESz.[2][3] The adverb is the adjective used without an ending as an adverb of degree, as it is in speech.[2]
Egészen meant “unharmed” in the Jókai Codex and only later “completely” (1525, in a copy of 1640); the dialects also have egészlen and egészleg.[2][9] Later derivatives are egészít “to complete” (about 1519), egészségtelen “unhealthy” (1585) and egészül (1787).[2][3]
In Szeged folk custom newly married couples moved into a new house with a whole loaf of bread.[10]
Timeline
- c. 1315 – egessege “their health” in the Gyulafehérvár Lines.[2][3]
- c. 1380 – Egyz “healthy” in the Königsberg glossary.[2][8]
- c. 1448 – egez “healthy” and egészen “unharmed” in the Jókai Codex, copied from a text written after 1372.[2][3]
- c. 1450 – “intact, whole” in the Vienna Codex.[2][3]
- c. 1495 – “all, entire”.[2][3]
- 1513 – egészséges “healthy”.[2][3]
- 1577 – the noun “a whole” in an arithmetic book.[3]
- 1580 – the adverb “completely; rather”.[3]
- 1835 – kiegészít “to complete”.[2]
Meanings
Adjective
- whole, intact: with no piece cut or broken off: egész kenyér.[11][1]
- Complete, with all its parts or members: az egész család.[11][1]
- entire, taken in its full extent or duration: egész nap “all day”.[11]
- Full, before measure words: egész pohár bor.[11]
- (arithmetic) Whole, of a number: egész szám “integer”.[11][1]
- (music) Whole: egész hang “a whole note; a whole tone”.[11]
Adverb
- Entirely, completely.[1][12]
- With an adverb of place or time, all the way, right up to: egész hazáig siettem.[1][10]
- (colloquial) Quite, rather: egész jó.[1]
Noun
- A whole, something complete.[1][2]
- (colloquial) The whole thing, the whole business.[1]
- (arithmetic) The whole-number part of a decimal, as read aloud: három egész öt tized.[1]
Word family
- egészen
- egészít
- egészség
- egészséges
- egészségtelen
- egészül
- kiegészít
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 712
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
- ^ a b Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1993–1997), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 345
- ^ a b Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
- ^ Munkácsi, Bernát (1901), Árja és kaukázusi elemek a finn-magyar nyelvekben I: Magyar szójegyzék, Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, p. 633
- ^ Budenz, József (1873–1881), Magyar–ugor összehasonlító szótár, Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, p. 767
- ^ a b Berrár, Jolán; Károly, Sándor (1984), Régi magyar glosszárium: szótárak, szójegyzékek és glosszák egyesített szótára, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 168
- ^ Szinnyei, József (1893–1901), Magyar tájszótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Hornyánszky, p. 1, 457
- ^ a b Bálint, Sándor (1957), Szegedi szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 311
- ^ a b c d e f Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
- ^ Csűry, Bálint (1935–1936), Szamosháti szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság, p. 1, 188
Cite this entry
“Egész.” Etymologically, 25 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/hu/eg%C3%A9sz. Accessed 26 Oct. 2026.
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