𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan), a strong verb of the fourth class with an irregular u in the present.^[1][2][3] Only two forms are recorded: the infinitive trudan and 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 (trudand), which Köbler takes as a third person plural present passive.^[4] Lehmann reads the latter as trudanda and notes Streitberg's view that the final -a was added to an active -and.^[5] The compound 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gatrudan) has the past participle at Luke 8:5.^[5][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *trudaną (“to tread”).^[6] The zero grade of the root is shared only with Old Norse troða; Old English tredan, Old Frisian treda and Old High German tretan have the full grade.^[5][7] Kroonen takes the alternation of the full and zero grades in Germanic to point to a root aorist, the reason such verbs are called aorist presents, and Feist likewise sets up an Indo-European aorist present.^[8][7] Osthoff, cited by Feist, and Orel derive it instead from Proto-Indo-European *dreu- (“to run”).^[7][9] Holthausen calls the word unexplained, Uhlenbeck found no relatives outside Germanic, and Köbler calls its etymology obscure.^[10][11][4]

Attestation

Both records are in Luke, in manuscript CA: trudand at Luke 6:44, the first in canonical order, and trudan at Luke 10:19.^[2][4] PROIEL aligns one token with Ancient Greek πατέω (patéō) and the other with τρυγάω (trugáō), "gather (grapes)".^[12][5] At Luke 10:19 the disciples are given power "trudan ufaro waurme jah skaurpjono", "to tread on snakes and scorpions".^[13]

Meanings

1. to tread, trample, for πατεῖν^[1][4][6]
2. to tread (grapes), press, where the Greek has τρυγᾶν "gather"^[4][14][5]

Word family

• 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gatrudan, “to tread down”)
• 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (fratrudan)

Usage notes

At Luke 6:44 the Gothic "tread" stands for Greek "gather".^[5] Lehmann refers to Scardigli for the discrepancy.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. trudan
2. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
3. ^ a b Krause, Wolfgang (1963), Handbuch des Gotischen, 2nd ed., München: Beck, p. § 229
4. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. trudan
5. ^ a b c d e f g Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. trudan
6. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽
7. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. trudan
8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *tredan-
9. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 410
10. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. trudan
11. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. s.v. trudan
12. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 10:19
14. ^ Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 443