Proto-West Germanic words from Proto-Germanic
456 Proto-West Germanic words with Proto-Germanic in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 5).
*lausijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *lausijaną (“to release, to set free”), which Kroonen cites as *lausjan-, Orel as *lausjanan, and EWA as *lausii̯e/a-. EWA calls it a denominal factitive to the…
*legr
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *legrą (“a lying, a place where one lies”), which Ringe and Taylor trace from Proto-Germanic *legra- "bed, lair" through Proto-Northwest Germanic *legrą, and…
*leub
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *leubaz (“dear, beloved”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *leuba- and Orel as *leuƀaz. Kroonen calls it a European adjective, related to *luba-. Findell traces…
*leuht
Wiktionary reconstructs an adjective *leuht "light, bright", and EWA sets up West Germanic *leu̯χta- for it. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz (“light, bright”), which Köbler cites…
*leuhtōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *leuhtōną (“to shine”), which Köbler sets up as *leuhtōn and supports with Old English lēohtian alone.
*leuþ
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song”), which EWA reconstructs as *leu̯þa-, Köbler as *leuþa- and Orel as *leuþan. In Old English the diphthong became ⟨ēo⟩: lēoþ.
*leþr
Wiktionary reconstructs *leþr for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *leþrą (“leather”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *leþra-, Orel as *leþran and Köbler as *leþra-…
*libbjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *libjaną (“to live”), which Ringe and Taylor write *libai- ~ *libja-, Kroonen *libēn- and Orel *liƀēnan.
*liggjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną (“to lie”), which Kroonen cites as *leg(j)an- and Orel as *leʒjanan. Its geminate comes from the West Germanic gemination of most consonants by an…
*lį̄ht
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *linhtaz (“light (in weight)”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *linhta-. EWA explains the long vowel by the loss of the nasal with compensatory lengthening…
*-līk
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *-līkaz (“-like, -ly”), which Köbler sets up as *-līka-, *-līkaz.
*līkahamō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *līkahamô (“the human body”), which Köbler writes *līkahamō-, *līkahamōn, with the variants *līkhamō-, *līkhaman. EWA reconstructs Proto-Germanic *līk(a)-χaman-…
*līm
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *līmaz (“glue, lime”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *līma- and Orel as *līman or *līmaz. EWA reconstructs Proto-Germanic *lī-ma-, masculine or neuter, formed…
*liʀnōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *liznōną (“to learn”), which Ringe and Taylor call a fientive verb, derivationally related to *laizijaną "to teach". Kroonen and Köbler cite it as *liznōn- and…
*līstā
The Proto-Germanic source is a weak feminine, inherited from Proto-Germanic *līstōn (“ledge”) in Köbler's spelling, who also writes *leistōn; Orel writes *lī̆stōn and EWA *lei̯stō(n)-. LÄGLOS sets…
*liudi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“man; people”), which Kroonen cites as *leudi-, Orel as *leuđiz and EWA as *leu̯đi-. Kroonen calls it an i-stem shared with Baltic and likely derived…
*luftu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *luftuz (“roof, air”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *luftu-, and de Vaan derives Dutch lucht from *luftu-. EWA notes that the tu-stem *luftu- passed into the…
*māan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mēaną (“to mow”), which Kroonen cites as *mēan-, Orel as *mēanan and Köbler as *mēan, *mǣan, *mējan, *mǣjan. Ringe and Taylor note that the Proto-West Germanic…
*mādu
Wiktionary reconstructs a noun *mādu "meadow, clearing" for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *mēdwō (“meadow”), to which Kroonen traces Old English mǣd, Old Frisian…
*magan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *maganą (“to be able”), a preterite-present, which Kroonen cites as *mugan- and Orel by its present *maʒa. EWA reconstructs the Proto-Germanic principal parts…
*mainijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mainijaną (“to mean, to think”), which Kroonen cites as *mainjan- "to think", Orel as *mainjanan "to mean", Köbler as *mainjan "to mean, to think", and EWA as…
*mak
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *makaz (“fit, suitable”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *maka- "fit, comfortable", Orel as *makaz and Heidermanns as *maka- "comfortable, fitting". Kroonen…
*māl
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mēlą (“time”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *mēla- and Orel as *mēlan. Proto-Germanic *ē became *ā throughout Northwest Germanic, giving *mālą, and then…
*mann
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mann- (“human being”), which Kroonen cites as the n-stem *mannan- and Orel as *mannz. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the Proto-West Germanic nominative plural…
*mānōþ
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mēnōþs (“month”), which Ringe and Taylor and Kroonen cite as *mēnōþ-, Orel as *mēnōþz. Proto-Germanic *ē became *ā in Proto-Northwest Germanic, giving *mānōþ-…
*mari
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mari (“sea, lake”), for which Ringe and Taylor also write Proto-Northwest Germanic *mariz; Kroonen cites the stem *mari- and Orel *mariz. After a light root…
*mark
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *marką (“mark, sign, stamp”), which Boutkan and Siebinga set up as *markaN "sign, mark", with no known etymology. Köbler derives Old English marc "mark (money)"…
*maskā
In its analysis it is inherited from Proto-Germanic *maskwǭ (“loop, knot; mesh”), which Orel writes *maskwō(n) and Köbler *maskō-, *maskwō-. Kroonen sets up a West Germanic feminine *maskō(n)-…
*mast
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“pole, mast”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *masta- "post, mast", Orel as *mastaz and Köbler as *masta-, *mastaz. EWA too derives the West Germanic…
*maþō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *maþô (“worm”), which Ringe and Taylor write *maþō̄ beside Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa), Kroonen *maþan- and Orel *maþōn. In Old English it became *mæþā and then Old…
*melþōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *melþōną (“to inform, to betray”), which Köbler writes *melþōn, *meldōn, and Boutkan and Siebinga *meldōjanaN, a form they mark as Proto-(West) Germanic. Köbler…
*midi
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *midi (“with”), which Kroonen writes *medi, Orel *meþa and Köbler *med, *medi, *meþ, *mid, *midi. EWA notes that the West Germanic forms with -i- in the root…
*mīn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *mīna- and Orel as *mīnaz.
*mōder
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr (“mother”), which Kroonen cites as *mōder-, Orel as *mōđēr and Köbler as *mōder, *mōdar. Kroonen holds that the accent had already moved to the suffix in…
*morgin
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *murginaz (“morning”), and Ringe and Taylor hold that both Proto-Germanic *murgina- and *murgana- must be recognized as widely current preforms, since Gothic has…
*mōs
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“wet food, mush”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *mōsa-, Orel as *mōsan and Köbler as *mōsa-. Kroonen calls it a to-formation closely related to…
*mōtan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną (“to be allowed”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *mōtan- and Boutkan and Siebinga as *mōtanaN. EWA reconstructs a preterite-present *mōt, plural *mōtum…
*mōtijan
Wiktionary reconstructs *mōtijan for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *mōtijaną (“to meet”), which Kroonen cites as *mōtjan-, Orel as *mōtjanan and Köbler as *mōtjan…
*muggju
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *mugjō (“little fly, midge, mosquito”), which Orel writes *muʒjō. Kroonen reconstructs the Proto-Germanic word under *muwī- "mosquito": the velar of West Germanic…
*naht
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *naht- and Köbler as *naht-, *nahtiz. The Proto-Germanic genitive singular *nahtiz, dative singular *nahti and…
*nāhw
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *nēhw (“near”), which Wiktionary derives from the adjective *nēhwaz, the form Kroonen cites by its stem *nēhwa-. The *ā comes from the Northwest Germanic change…
*namnijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *namnijaną (“to name, to call”), which Kroonen cites as *namnjan-, Orel as *namnjanan, Köbler as *namnjan and EWA as *namn-i̯e/a-. It is a denominal verb to the…
*namō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *namô (“name”), which Ringe and Taylor write *namō̄, Kroonen *namōn- and Orel *namōn. The Proto-Germanic ending had a trimoric *-ō̄, which stayed *-ō in West…
*-nassī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *-assuz (“-ness”), extended with an n from the bases to which it was added. Ringe and Taylor explain that abstract nouns in *-assu- were first formed from verbs…
*naudīg
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *naudīgaz (“necessary; forced”), which Orel writes *nauđiʒaz and derives from *nauđiz. Wiktionary analyses the West Germanic adjective as the noun *naudi "need"…
*neman
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *nemaną (“to take”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *neman- and Orel as *nemanan. In the northern dialects Proto-West Germanic *e was raised to *i before *m, so…
*niwi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *niwjaz (“new”), which Kroonen cites as *neuja-, Orel as *neujaz and Köbler as *neuja-, *niwja-. Ringe and Taylor take it as their clearest example that the…
*niþer
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *niþer (“down, downwards”), which Kroonen cites as the adverb *niþera-, Orel as *niþr(a), Köbler as *niþra and EWA as *ni-þer-a(m). Kroonen explains it as an…
*nū
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *nu (“now”), which Kroonen writes with a long vowel, *nū. Ringe and Taylor take the long vowel for a Proto-West Germanic lengthening of word-final vowels in…
*obar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), which Kroonen cites as *uber- and Köbler as *uber, *uberi. Ringe and Taylor count it among the indeclinables with initial *u- that treat the…
*ohsō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *uhsô (“ox”), which Ringe and Taylor write *uhsō̄, Kroonen cites by its stem *uhsan-, and Köbler gives as *uhsō-, *uhsōn. Throughout Northwest Germanic, stressed…
*opan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), which Orel writes *upanaz, Köbler *upena-, *upana-, and EWA *upana-.
*opanōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to open”), which Köbler writes *upenōn, *upanōn, and Orel *upanōjanan, derived from the adjective *upanaz ~ *upenaz. EWA too calls the verb a…
*oʀd
Wiktionary reconstructs *oʀd for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz (“point, tip”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *uzda-, Orel as *uzđaz and Köbler as *uzda-…
*paþ
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *paþaz (“path”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *paþa- and Köbler as *paþa-, *paþaz. EWA reconstructs West Germanic *paþ-a-. Ringe and Taylor take the…
*rād
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz (“advice, counsel”), which Orel writes *rēđan, Köbler *rēda-, *rēdaz and EWA *rēđa-. Wiktionary calls it a noun formed from the verb *rēdaną "to advise"…
*rādan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“to consider, to advise”), which Kroonen cites as *rēdan- "to decide" and Orel as *rēđanan. Proto-Germanic *ē became *ā in Northwest Germanic, giving…
*raidijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *raidijaną (“to arrange”), which Orel cites as *raiđjanan and Köbler as *raidjan. Orel derives the verb from *raiđaz and *rīđanan, and Wiktionary from the…
*raikijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *raikijaną (“to stretch out, to reach”), as Wiktionary reconstructs it; Orel writes *raikjanan and Köbler *raikjan, *reikjan. Ringe and Taylor trace it through…
*rairōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *rairōną (“to roar”), which Köbler lists as *rairōn, though he cites the Old English and Old High German verbs under *rairēn, *rairǣn. EWA reconstructs a…