*raidijan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *raidijan "to arrange" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *raidijaną (“to arrange”),^[1] which Orel cites as *raiđjanan and Köbler as *raidjan.^[2][3] Orel derives the verb from *raiđaz and *rīđanan,^[2] and Wiktionary from the adjective *raidaz "ready" with the suffix *-janą.^[4] Bammesberger sets up Proto-Germanic *raid-ijan-, the source of Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raidjan), with the derived noun in *-ī-ni- behind 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (garaideins) and Old English rǣden.^[5]

Morphology

A weak verb of class I in Old English,^[6] and a weak verb in Old Frisian.^[7]

Evidence

Old English has gerǣdan (“to arrange, to help”), which Köbler refers to a simple verb *rǣdan "to arrange", derived from Germanic *raidjan.^[8][6] Orel glosses the Old English verb "to arrange, to dispose, to direct".^[2] Old Frisian has rēda (“to prepare”),^[7] which Bremmer glosses "to prepare, make ready" beside Old English rǣdan.^[9] Wiktionary gives only reconstructed forms for Old Saxon, Old Dutch and Old High German.^[1] Köbler and Orel list Old High German bireiten (“to fabricate”), from a gloss of the 12th century,^[10][2] but EWA calls this a wrong headword: the form ⟨breit⟩ in that gloss is the past tense of a strong verb *brītan.^[11] Outside West Germanic, Orel cites Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raidjan, “to direct, to mandate”) and Old Norse reiða (“to bring, to serve, to make ready”).^[2]

Competing analyses

Köbler also derives Old English redian (“to make ready”) from Germanic *raidjan,^[12] while Holthausen connects it with Middle Low German rad (“row, order”).^[13]

Meanings

1. to arrange^[1]

Old Frisian also used the verb for "to equip", "to procure" and "to pay".^[7]

Derivatives

• *biraidijan "to arrange, to prepare", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[14] Hofmann and Popkema list Old Frisian birēda as a derivative of the verb.^[7]

Reflexes

• Old English: gerǣdan (“to arrange, to help”)^[8]
• Old Frisian: rēda (“to prepare, to equip, to procure, to pay”)^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *raidijan
2. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 295
3. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *raidjan
4. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *raidijaną
5. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 148
6. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. rǣdan 2
7. ^ a b c d e Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. rēda
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. gerǣdan 2
9. ^ Bremmer, Rolf H., Jr. (2009), An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 208
10. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. bireiten
11. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. bireiten
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. redian
13. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. redian
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *biraidijan