*hrōpan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *hrōpan "to cry out, to call, to shout" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną (“to call, to shout”),^[2][3] which Kroonen cites as *hrōpan-, Boutkan and Siebinga as *hrōpanaN and EWA as *χrōpe/a-.^[2][4][3] Kroonen and EWA list the strong verb only in West Germanic languages, and both find no cognates outside Germanic, so that its further origin is uncertain.^[2][3] Beside it stands a weak verb, found in Gothic, Old Norse and Old High German, where Notker has ruofen;^[4] EWA takes this for a denominal or deverbal verb, Proto-Germanic *χrōpii̯e/a-, and rejects the occasional analysis of the strong verb itself as an old present in *-i̯e/o-.^[3]

Morphology

A reduplicating strong verb, of class VII.^[4][5] Mailhammer counts it among the reduplicating verbs with no Indo-European etymology.^[6] EWA gives the past as Old English hrēopon (plural), Old Saxon hriop, Old Dutch riep and Old High German riof.^[3] Old Frisian also inflects it as a weak verb.^[7]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English hrōpan,^[8] Old Frisian hrōpa, also rōpa with the loss of h before r,^[4] Old Saxon hrōpan, in the Heliand, the Genesis and glosses,^[5] Old Dutch ruopan, in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 10th century and Williram's commentary of about 1100,^[9] and Old High German ruofan, perhaps from the end of the 8th century.^[3] In the literary texts of Old High German the strong verb is found only in Franconian, while Upper German has only the weak verb.^[3]

Meanings

1. to cry out, to call, to shout^[1][2]

Old English also used the verb for "to howl",^[8] and Old High German for "to invoke, to pray".^[3]

Derivatives

• *hrōp "call, cry, shout", which Wiktionary reconstructs from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaz, derived from the verb;^[10] Boutkan and Siebinga cite Old English (ge)hrōp (“lamentations”).^[4]

Reflexes

• Old English: hrōpan (“to call, to cry, to howl”)^[8]
• Old Frisian: hrōpa (“to call”)^[7]
• Old Saxon: hrōpan (“to call, to cry out”)^[5]
• Old Dutch: ruopan (“to call, to cry”)^[9]
• Old High German: ruofan (“to call, to cry, to invoke, to pray”)^[3]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hrōpan
2. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 249
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. ruofan
4. ^ a b c d e Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. hropa
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hrōpan
6. ^ Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 225
7. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hrōpa
8. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hrōpan
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. ruopan
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hrōp