Proto-Germanic words from Proto-Indo-European
251 Proto-Germanic words with Proto-Indo-European in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 4).
*sitjaną
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti (“to sit”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Kroonen derives it from *sed-ie-, formally identical to Ancient Greek ἕζομαι…
*skabaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”), through a present *skábʰ-e-; Kroonen writes the present *skh₂bʰ-e-.
*skaiþaną
Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split, to dissect”), through a PIE *skóyt-e-ti, the o-grade of a t-extension of that root.
*skarpaz
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”), through the verb *skerpaną. Kroonen takes it as an o-grade adjective to the strong verb *skerban- ~ *skerpan- ~…
*skeraną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”): LIV gives that root the meaning "to cut, scratch, trim", with a root present seen in Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I shear”).^(LIV 2001|s.v…
*skeutaną
The traditional etymology, which Köbler and Lehmann follow, has it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, to shoot”).
*skipą
Its origin is uncertain: Wiktionary mentions a theory that derives it from *skēi-b-, *ski-b-, which would make it from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut”) through an extended root, and Köbler…
*skrapōną
Kroonen heads it *skrapp/bōn- ~ *skarbōn- and traces it to a European *skrobʰ-néh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *skrebʰ-. Wiktionary derives it from *skrepaną "to scratch, scrape" with the suffix *-ōną.
*skulaną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”); LIV sets up a root *(s)kel- "to become guilty", with a question mark, known only from Germanic and Baltic…
*skūmaz
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, to hide”); Orel likewise derives it from *skeu-, comparing a Sanskrit verb "to cover".
*slahaną
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *slak- (“to hit, to strike”), from a present *slak-e-, a root that may first have been onomatopoeic; Wiktionary gives the same root, apparently onomatopoeic.
*smiþaz
Orel derives it from Proto-Indo-European *smei- (“to spread, to smear”) with a suffix *-to-, comparing Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō). Kroonen gives it no further etymology.
*sōkijaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to seek out”), through a PIE *séh₂gyeti. Kroonen sets up *seh₂g-ie- and compares Ancient Greek ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to direct, to lead”) and Latin sāgiō (“to…
*spehōną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). EWA derives the verb from a root noun *spek̂- "spy", lost in Germanic but continued in the compounds Latin auspex (“augur”) and haruspex.
*sprekaną
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *spregʰ- (“to crackle”), from a present *sprégʰ-e-, and Wiktionary calls this root the probable source.
*stadiz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing, position”). Ringe starts from PIE *stáh2ti- ~ *sth2téy- "act of standing, place to stand", remodelled as *sth2tís; Orel compares a…
*stainaz
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *steih₂- (“to stiffen”), from *stoiH-no-, a no-stem to that root, and compares Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styā́yate, “coagulates”). Wiktionary gives the same root…
*stallaz
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), as an instrumental noun *sth₂-dʰlo-, formally identical with Latin stabulum (“stable, shed”); Wiktionary gives *sth₂dʰlóm from the same…
*stāną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”): Ringe derives it from an innovative present *sth₂-yé/ó- or a stative *sth₂-h₁yé/ó-, compared with Old Church Slavonic стоитъ (stojitŭ), which…
*standaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), which Ringe writes *stah₂-; he reconstructs the principal parts *standaną, past *stōþ, plural *stōdun, participle *stadanaz.
*sterbaną
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *sterbʰ- (“to become stiff”), a European root, from a present *stérbʰ-e-. Wiktionary gives the same root.
*stikaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, to stab, to goad”): Kroonen derives it from a zero-grade present *stig-e-, and EWA from *stik-e/a- to the root *(s)tei̯g- "to stab, to be…
*strīkaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”): Kroonen derives it from a European present *stréig-e-.
*sunjō
It is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”): Köbler and Feist connect it with the PIE root for "to be", and Bammesberger starts from the present participle of that root, PIE *s-ont- / *s-n̥t-.
*sunuz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), which Kroonen writes *suH-nu- and derives from the root *suH- "to give birth to". Ringe writes it *suh₃nús "offspring".
*swa
Wiktionary calls its origin uncertain; it is often taken to be from Proto-Indo-European *swé, and Dunkel reconstructs a PIE *swa "thus, like".
*swē
Kroonen derives it from Proto-Indo-European *sue- (“his, his own, self”), the PIE reflexive root; Wiktionary says it is often derived from PIE *swē and in any case related to *swa (“so, thus”).
*taikną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, to point out”), through the root of *taikijaną, and Köbler also refers it to that PIE root.
*taljaną
Köbler has it from Proto-Indo-European *del- (“to aim, to reckon”), like Lehmann, who glosses the PIE root "aim, compute". Kroonen traces the base noun to *dolH-o-.
*talō
Wiktionary explains it as if from PIE *dolH-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *del(H)- (“to draw, to attract”). Köbler names PIE *del- "to aim, to reckon".
*teraną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split”): Kroonen derives it from a PIE thematic present *dér(H)-e-, the source of Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō, “to skin, to flay”) and Lithuanian dérti.
*teuhaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”): Kroonen derives it from a West European present *déuk-e-, formally identical with Latin dūcō (“to lead, conduct”).
*tīdiz
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis, from *deh₂y- with the suffix *-tis. Kroonen derives it from a root *dh₂-ei- "to divide", which he also finds in *tīman- "time" and in…
*tō
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“to”), the instrumental singular of PIE *de "to, towards". Schaffner likewise derives *tō from a Pre-Germanic *dó, from *do-h₁ "hither"…
*trudaną
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *dret- ~ *drt-, a root ending in *t like that of *knedan- ~ *knudan- "to knead", which could be an extension of a primary element *dr- "to run". Mailhammer…
*twai
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”), with a plural ending. Ringe allows that the inherited form gave *twō, perhaps continued in Old English twēġen, or *twai with plural…
*uba
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁up-o (“under”), which Kroonen reconstructs as *h₁up-o, Orel and Köbler as *upo. Köbler's *uba- "abundance" and *ūba- "evil" are separate headwords.
*uber
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”).
*under
In Kroonen and Ringe it continues two PIE prepositions that fell together in Germanic: one is from Proto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér (“under”), the other Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside, between”).
*upanaz
Orel has it from Proto-Germanic *upp (“up”), with the suffix of a strong past participle; Wiktionary too treats it as the past participle of a verb derived from that adverb, though no other trace of…
*upp
Köbler has it from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up”). Kroonen derives it from *(h₁e)up-n- and relates it to *uba "under; above", from *h₁up-o.
*ūt
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”): Kroonen calls it an adverb directly continuing PIE *ud.
*uz
Wiktionary derives it from PIE *úd-s "up, off", from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”). Kroonen also takes it as the adverb *ud, the source of *ūt, with a genitive ending, and Orel as…
*wadją
Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to bind”), through a PIE *wodʰ-yo-m. Kroonen reconstructs *Huodʰ-io- and compares Old Church Slavonic and Russian verbs meaning "to lead".
*wagnaz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to transport”): Kroonen calls it a no-stem derived from the root of *weganą "to move, to carry", and Wiktionary gives a PIE *wóǵʰnos.
*wai
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wáy (“woe”): Kroonen calls it an Indo-European interjection, *uai.
*walþuz
Wiktionary tentatively derives it from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“hair, hairlike object”), as *wólH-tu-s, or from a PIE *wel- related to Hittite wellu- (“pasture, meadow”); Köbler gives a root…
*wanaz
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to leave, to abandon, to give out”), with the cognates Latin vānus and Sanskrit ऊन (ūná). Kroonen allows two preforms, *uh₂-no- with…
*waraz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *worós (“attentive”), from *wer- "to heed, be watchful"; Kroonen writes *uor-o-, an o-stem to the root *uer-.
*wardō
Köbler connects it from Proto-Indo-European *u̯er- (“to perceive, to heed”). Orel relates it to his masculine *warđaz "warden, guard", which he explains as a participle *u̯or-tó- of an unattested…
*watōr
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”), through the PIE collective *wédōr.
*webaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”). Ringe derives it from PIE *webh(H)- "to weave", comparing the Sanskrit and Tocharian B verbs; Kroonen calls it a strong verb with clear IE roots.
*weganą
It is from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to convey, to transport”), from the PIE third person *wéǵʰeti in Wiktionary. LIV sets up the full-grade present *u̯ég̑ʰ-e- of the root *u̯eg̑ʰ- "to float; to…
*wegaz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to move, to transport”): Kroonen, Orel and Wiktionary derive the noun from the strong verb *weganą "to move, to carry", which Kroonen traces to a PIE thematic…
*werką
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom (“work”), a noun of the root *werǵ- "to work". Kroonen reconstructs *uerǵ-o- and calls the word identical with Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”)…
*werþaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”): Ringe starts from the PIE present *wért-e/o- "to be turning", which in pre-Proto-Germanic came to mean "to turn into". LIV sets up the full-grade…
*wīdaz
Kroonen and Wiktionary have it from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put”): in Kroonen's analysis, after Lubotsky, a full-grade adjective to a verbal formation *h₁ui-dʰeh₁- "to set apart", in which…
*wiljaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”): Wiktionary starts from the optative of a Narten present *wḗlh₁-ti, *wélh₁-n̥ti.
*windaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to wind, to turn”): Kroonen derives it from a thematic present *uéndʰ-e-, and calls it a strong verb to a marginally attested root *uendʰ-.
*witaną
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wóyde (“to have seen, to know”): Kroonen derives it from a PIE primary perfect, third person singular *uoid-e, plural *uid-nt, giving Proto-Germanic *waite…