*windaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *windaną in Wiktionary^[1] and *wenđanan in Orel;^[2] Kroonen cites the verb by its stem *windan-,^[3] Köbler as *wendan,^[4] and Seebold as WEND-A-.^[5] LÄGLOS writes *wenđan-, later *winđan-, with a Proto-Norse *windan.^[6]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to wind, to turn”):^[1] Kroonen derives it from a thematic present *uéndʰ-e-, and calls it a strong verb to a marginally attested root *uendʰ-.^[3]

Morphology

A strong verb of class III.^[7][8][9] Mailhammer puts it among the strong verbs with an accepted Indo-European etymology.^[7] Seebold gives the Gothic principal parts -𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (-windan), -𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 (-wand), -𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽 (-wundun), -𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-wundans).^[5] Its causative is the weak verb *wandjan- "to cause to turn",^[10][11] and Kroonen derives the o-grade adjective *wanda- "turned, twisted" from it.^[10] Ringe notes that the meanings of *windaną "wind, wrap" and *wandijaną "turn" have drifted apart in a way that the cognates outside Germanic do not let us reconstruct.^[12]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: in Gothic only with prefixes, as Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (biwindan, “to wind, to wrap”), and as Old Norse vinda, Old Saxon windan and Old High German wintan.^[3] Orel adds Old English windan and Old Frisian winda.^[2] The Gothic preterite 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 (biwand) is in Luke 2:7.^[13] Outside Germanic, Kroonen compares Umbrian aha-uendu, an imperative "must turn", and Old Armenian գինդ (gind, “ring”);^[3] Orel adds Tocharian B wänt- (“to cover, to envelop”).^[2] Finnish vääntää (“to turn, to wring”) has been compared, but LÄGLOS concludes that it is hardly a Germanic loan.^[6]

Competing analyses

Osthoff derived it from a root *uei-, as Feist and Orel report.^[14][2] Lehmann notes that the root *wendʰ- "bind" is generally linked with *wedʰ- of Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gawidan).^[15]

Meanings

1. to wind, to wrap^[3][1]
2. to twist, to turn^[4]

Old Norse also used the verb for "to plait" and "to swing",^[16] and for "to wring",^[3] Old English for "to plait", "to flee" and "to roll",^[17] and Old Saxon for "to move" and "to return".^[18]

Derivatives

• *wandijaną "to turn", the causative.^[19][10]
• *wanda- "turned, twisted", an o-grade adjective.^[10] *wandu- "rod", a u-stem perhaps derived from the verb; and *wantu- "mitten", probably from it, with a t from an older geminate.^[10]
• With a prefix: *biwindaną "to wind around, to enwrap".^[20]
• In Orel: *wenđinʒaz and *wenđōn, both derived from the verb.^[21]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (biwindan, “to wind around, to wrap”)^[14]
• Old Norse: vinda (“to wind, to turn, to plait, to swing”)^[16]
• Old English: windan (“to wind, to turn, to plait”)^[17]
• Old Frisian: winda (“to wind”)^[22]
• Old Saxon: windan (“to wind, to move, to return”)^[18]
• Old High German: wintan (“to wind, to wrap, to plait, to turn”)^[23]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *windaną
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 454
3. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 587
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *wendan
5. ^ a b Seebold, Elmar (1970), Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben, The Hague / Paris: Mouton, p. WEND-A-
6. ^ a b Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 424
7. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 221
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *windan
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. windan
10. ^ a b c d e Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 573
11. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 327
12. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 283
13. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. 102
14. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 72
15. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. 181
16. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 665
17. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. windan
18. ^ a b Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. windan
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wandijaną
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *biwindaną
21. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 455
22. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. winda
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wintan