Proto-Germanic words from Proto-Indo-European
251 Proto-Germanic words with Proto-Indo-European in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 3).
*kannijaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), the root of *kunnaną "to know", and is formed from that verb with the causative suffix *-janą.
*krītaną
Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *greyd- (“to shout”), beside *grey-, which seems to be connected with Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).
*kruppaz
Köbler compares from Proto-Indo-European *greub- (“to bend, to crawl”); Wiktionary calls that traditional derivation outdated, as recent work reconstructs the root as *grewbʰ-. Kroonen suggests a…
*kuningaz
Through *kunją "clan", it is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”). Kroonen calls it a Germanic derivation with the personifying suffix *-inga- ~ *-unga-, probably…
*kunją
1. Kroonen and Wiktionary derive it from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to be born”), Wiktionary through a PIE *ǵn̥h₁-yó-m "begotten". It is a different word from Old Norse kyn (“miracle”)…
*kunnaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), through a PIE *ǵn̥néh₃ti; Kroonen thinks the verb was created to the secondary n-present of this root seen in Sanskrit जानाति (jānáti) and…
*kwemaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step”): Wiktionary and Ringe trace it to the aorist subjunctive, Ringe's *gʷém-e/o-.
*lagjaną
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *logʰéyeti (“to lay, to make lie”), the causative of *ligjaną "to lie". Kroonen reconstructs *logʰ-éie-.
*landą
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”); Kroonen takes it as an o-grade thematic noun *londʰ-o- to a root *lendʰ- "unused land", which he counts as European rather than…
*langaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”). Kroonen writes *dlonh₁gʰ-o-, identical to Latin longus, a nasalised variant of the PIE root *dlh₁gʰ- "long", which he also finds in…
*laubą
Wiktionary gives two explanations: from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to break off, to peel off”), through *lowbʰ-o-m, or a pre-Germanic *lowpóm, perhaps from *lewp- "to bend, to peel".
*lausaz
It is an o-grade adjective formed to the verb *leusaną "to lose", and so, through that verb, from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₁- (“to cut, to sever, to loosen”). LIV writes the root *leu̯H- "to cut…
*legrą
It is from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”): Bammesberger derives it from the Germanic root *leg- of *ligjaną "to lie", from PIE *legh-.
*lētaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁d- (“to let, allow, leave”): Kroonen derives it from an e-present *léh₁d-e-, found only in Europe, and Ringe glosses the root "release", with a question mark.
*leubaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰós (“beloved”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to desire, to love”). Heidermanns calls it an inherited formation, identical with the Old Church…
*leuþą
Wiktionary reports the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to sing, to praise”), through an extension *lew-t-, but calls the origin unclear; Köbler refers it, with a query, to a…
*ligjaną
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *légʰyeti (“lies down”), a present to Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”). Ringe likewise derives it from the inherited PIE *-ye/o--present *léghyo- "lie…
*līką
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“image, likeness; similar, like”), with the sense shifting from "similar" to "having a similar shape", "likeness" and "body". Kroonen derives it…
*luftuz
Wiktionary, following Kroonen, has it from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to peel, to break off, to damage”), from a PIE *lubʰ-tu-s. Kroonen derives it from the root of *laubą "foliage", which he…
*maganą
It is from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“to be able”), from a PIE perfect *(me)mógʰe. Kroonen sets up *mógh-e, *mgh-ńt and compares a Sanskrit noun for "power, wealth, gift" and an Old Church…
*malhō
Wiktionary reports the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *molko- (“leather pouch”); Kroonen, however, says the word has no IE etymology. Köbler also sets up a homonymous *malhō…
*mann-
Ringe has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mánu-s ~ *mánw- (“person”), the word continued by the Sanskrit word for "man", with *nw becoming *nn as in *minn- "less". The PIE source is disputed…
*mari
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *móri (“sea”); Kroonen calls it the regular outcome of PIE *mor-i-, a neuter i-stem meaning "sea".
*marką
Köbler has it from Proto-Indo-European *mereg̑- (“edge, border”). Wiktionary takes it from a pre-Germanic *morg-o-, perhaps related to *markō "border, edge".
*markō
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“edge, boundary, border”), possibly from *merǵ- "to divide". Kroonen calls it an old Indo-European term for a territorial boundary.
*matiz
Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to satiate”), in view of Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”). EWA also starts from a root *med-, but in the sense "to measure": following J. A…
*maþô
Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *mat- (“insect, worm, maggot”), through a PIE *mat-ḗn, genitive *mat-nés, and allows that the root was borrowed from a substrate language. Kroonen…
*mēlą
Kroonen derives the "measure" word from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”); Orel and Lehmann derive the "time" word from the same root. Wiktionary gives a PIE *meHlom.
*midi
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“with”), from *me "with". Kroonen reconstructs *met-i and calls it an Indo-European adverb and preposition, originally a locative in -i…
*mīnaz
Kroonen traces it to *h₁meino-; Wiktionary has it from a Pre-Germanic *mey-no-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁mey (“I”), with the adjective suffix *-nos.
*missa-
Wiktionary has the adjective from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to change, exchange”), through a PIE verbal adjective *mith₂-tó-s, and EWA likewise traces *missa- to PIE *mith₂-tó-. Orel calls it…
*mōdēr
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”), the IE word for "mother", through its suffix-stressed variant *meh₂tḗr.
*mōtą
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to encounter, to come”); Köbler gives a doubtful PIE *mōd- "to meet, to come".
*mōtaną
Kroonen takes it as a preterite-present probably built on a root from Proto-Indo-European *mod- (“to approach”), the root of Old Armenian մատչիմ (matčʻim, “to approach, come close”).
*namô
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”), the Indo-European word for "name", whose exact form and inflection are very uncertain.
*naudiz
Kroonen and Wiktionary derive it from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-, the root of *nawiz "corpse": Kroonen as a ti-stem *neh₂u-tí-, Wiktionary as *neh₂w-tí-s.
*ne
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”), which Kroonen calls the Indo-European negative adverb.
*nēhw
He describes that adjective as a lengthened-grade formation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nek- (“to reach”); Wiktionary starts it from a Pre-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos to the same root.
*nēhwaz
Kroonen calls it a lengthened-grade adjective from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nek- (“to reach”), the root of *nuganą "to suffice"; Wiktionary starts from a Pre-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos.
*nemaną
Wiktionary has it, probably, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *németi (“to allocate”), the sense "to take" having grown out of a middle "to allocate to oneself". Mailhammer files it among the…
*nu
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”), an Indo-European adverb.
*raubaz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel, to tear, to strip”), and Kroonen reconstructs *Hroup-ó-, a derivative of the strong verb *reufaną "to tear". Bammesberger also derives *raub-a-z…
*raubōną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to snatch”); Köbler writes the root *reup- "to tear, to break".
*rēdaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”), through a PIE present *Hréh₁dʰeti; Kroonen derives it from a thematic present to this root, which he analyses as *h₂reh₁- extended…
*rehtaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵtós (“right, straightened”); Kroonen writes *h₃reǵ-to-.
*reufaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to break”), through *Hréwpt. Kroonen reconstructs the PIE thematic present *Hréup-e-, calls it an IE strong verb, and compares Latin rumpō (“to burst, to…
*rīdaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *Hreydʰ- (“to set in motion, to ride”), which Wiktionary takes as probably an extension of Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to move, to churn”). Kroonen reconstructs a…
*sa
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”), the PIE masculine nominative singular "that"; as a monosyllable it kept its final vowel when final short vowels were lost. Orel equates it with…
*sadaz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”): Kroonen calls it the past participle to this root, *sh₂-tó-, and Orel a participle *sətós to a root *sā-.
*sagjaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say, to recount”): Kroonen derives it from an intensive *sokʷ-éie-, a formation that Germanic shares with Balto-Slavic. Wiktionary allows either that…
*sagjaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷh₂ṓy (“retainer, follower”). Kroonen derives it from an ablauting i-stem, nominative *sokʷH-ōi, genitive *sokʷH-i-os, to the root Proto-Indo-European…
*sakaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to seek out”), through a pre-Germanic zero grade *sh₂g-; Kroonen reconstructs a thematic *sh₂g-e-. Seebold explains it as a zero-grade present to a base…
*sakō
Köbler refers it from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to seek, to track down”), through the strong verb *sakaną, which Kroonen derives from a PIE present *sh₂g-e-.
*salą
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”).
*saltą
It is from Proto-Indo-European *sḗh₂l (“salt”), through a Pre-Germanic *sh₂eldóm. Kroonen explains that the IE word for salt was an ablauting l-stem, nominative *séh₂-l, genitive *sh₂-l-ós, and that…
*samaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same, alike”); Kroonen writes *somH-o-.
*satjaną
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, the causative of the verb "to sit". Kroonen derives it from *sod-eie-, the causative to *set(j)an- "to sit".
*sebun
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥ (“seven”). Ringe traces the steps: *septḿ̥ became *septún and, by Grimm's law, *seftún; under the influence of "ten" and "nine" this became *seftúnt…
*sehwaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, to notice”), from the thematic present *sekʷ-e-ti. Kroonen also starts from *sékw-e-, but of a root meaning "to follow".
*sinkwaną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to sink, to drop”), comparing Old Armenian անկանիմ (ankanim).