*wanaz

Reconstruction

The adjective "lacking" is *wanaz in Wiktionary and Orel, who numbers it I,^[1][2] and the stem *wana- in Kroonen, his *wana- 1, and in Köbler.^[3][4] LÄGLOS writes *wana-z, with Proto-Norse *wanaR.^[5]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to leave, to abandon, to give out”), with the cognates Latin vānus and Sanskrit ऊन (ūná).^[1] Kroonen allows two preforms, *uh₂-no- with vocalisation of the laryngeal and *ueh₂-nó- with Dybo's law of pretonic shortening, since both have counterparts outside Germanic: *uh₂-nó- in Sanskrit and Avestan "deficient", *ueh₂-no- in Latin "idle".^[6]

A separate homonym, "accustomed". Kroonen, Orel, Köbler and Heidermanns set up a second adjective of the same shape meaning "accustomed": Kroonen's *wana- 2, Orel's *wanaz II, Köbler's *wana- 2 and Heidermanns's *wana- II.^{[7][8][9][10]} Kroonen calls it an o-stem created to the PIE root *Huenh₁-,^[7] and Wiktionary derives it from *wonh₁-os, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, to desire, to love”).^[1]

Morphology

Both are a-stem adjectives;^[11][7] "lacking" is a primary adjective.^[7] Its neuter was used as a noun, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽 (wan, “lack”).^[12][13] Bammesberger notes that a no-formation to the root would be *ū-no- or *wā-no-, so that *wana- seems to require *wə-no-.^[14]

Evidence

"Lacking" is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (wans), Old Norse vanr, Old English wan and Old High German wan,^[3] and also Old Saxon wan and compounds such as Old Frisian wongare (“deficient clothing”).^[2] The noun Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽 (wan) occurs at Luke 18:22 and Mark 10:21.^[15] As a prefix, *wana- survives in Old Norse van-, Old English wan-, Old Saxon wan- and Old High German wan-.^[5] Neuhaus connected Finnish vaan (“but, only”) with Germanic *wan, but Nikkilä and Bentlin take it as a Middle Low German loan.^[5]

The homonym "accustomed" is found only in North Germanic, in Old Norse vanr and its modern Scandinavian descendants.^[7][10] Heidermanns thinks it may have lost a prefix, and points out that the verb derived from it is also West Germanic.^[10] West Germanic has instead the zero-grade adjective *wuna(n)-, in Old English gewun, Old Saxon giwono and Old High German giwon, which Kroonen calls closely related.^[16][17]

Competing analyses

Orel, after Pedersen, also relates "lacking" to Sanskrit and Avestan "defective" and to Latin vānus (“empty, vain”).^[2] Kroonen perhaps adds the Armenian word for "empty", with an adjective suffix,^[3] and wonders whether *auþjaz "empty" belongs to the same family, although its laryngeal and labial stand in the reverse order.^[18] For "accustomed", Orel compares Tocharian A wañi (“pleasure”), Sanskrit "to demand, to like" and Latin venus (“love”), continuants of IE *u̯en- "to wish, to love".^[8] De Vries saw in it the customs that held in the assembly community, the word meaning roughly "belonging to the circle of men".^[17]

Meanings

1. lacking, missing, void;^[3] deficient, absent^[1]
2. the homonym: accustomed^[7][8][1]

Old High German also used "lacking" for "empty, imperfect, far",^[19] and Old English for "absent".^[2] Old Norse "accustomed" also meant "usual, customary".^[10]

Derivatives

• *wanāną and *wanōną "to become less, to wane";^[20][21] Kroonen's stative *wanēn-, from which Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (wanains, “lack”) was formed.^[7]
• *wanisōną "to make less, to reduce".^[22]
• *wana- "lacking; not, un-", the prefix,^[23] as in Orel's *wana-xailaz "disabled, ill".^[24]
• Orel's *wanōn "shortage, lack".^[25]
• *wōnō- "hole in the ice", a vṛddhi formation.^[26]
• From the homonym "accustomed": *wanjaną "to accustom", a factitive.^[27][7]
• From the homonym: *wunāną "to be accustomed; to dwell", from the related *wuna(n)-.^[28]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 (wans, “lacking, missing”)^[29]
• Old Norse: vanr (“lacking; also, as a homonym, accustomed”)^[30]
• Old English: wan (“lacking, missing”)^[31]
• Old Frisian: only in compounds, such as wongare (“deficient clothing”)^[2]
• Old Saxon: wan (“lacking, deficient”)^[32]
• Old High German: wan (“lacking, empty, imperfect”)^[19]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wanaz
2. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *wanaz I
3. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 572
4. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *wana- 1
5. ^ a b c Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. s.v. vaan
6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 572–573
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 573
8. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *wanaz II
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *wana- 2
10. ^ a b c d Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. wana- II
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wans
12. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *wanan
13. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter
14. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 245
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wan
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 599
17. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 644
18. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 43
19. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wan
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wanāną
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wanōną
22. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wanisōną
23. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wana-
24. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *wana-xailaz
25. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *wanōn
26. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 592
27. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wanjaną
28. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wunāną
29. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. wans
30. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. vanr
31. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. wan
32. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wan