English words first recorded in the 19th century

It is formed from English sub- + title. The Shorter Oxford takes the prefix in the sense "under" for the film caption and in the sense "secondary" for the other senses. Compare French sous-titre…

It is formed from English back + lash (“a blow, stroke”), with back used as an adjective or adverb. The noun lash is recorded from about 1300 and is possibly imitative.

It is a compound, from English base + ball, with base in the sense of a goal or safe place. Base was used for the start or finish line of a race from the 1690s, and for the safe spot in games like…

It is an American word of unknown origin. Barnhart finds a link with earlier bouse “to haul ship's rigging” (1593) strained, since the first recorded sense was raising someone in rank or honour.

It is formed from English cyan- + -ide, with cyan- used for the carbon–nitrogen radical cyanogen and the chemical suffix as in chloride. The name cyanogen is from French cyanogène, given by…

It is formed from English fluorine + -ide, with the stem fluor- of the element's name. The OED thinks that the later forms were partly modelled on German Fluorid, itself recorded by 1815 and taken…

It was formed in English from Latin minimus (“smallest, least”) and the suffix -ize, or from minimum and -ize, and the philosopher Jeremy Bentham is credited with coining it. The OED compares…

It is a compound from English sky + line. The OED's first record is from 1815, Etymonline and Merriam-Webster date it to 1824, and Dictionary.com to 1855–60. Etymonline notes that it was also…

It is a compound from English snow + fall. The OED compares German Schneefall, Swedish snöfall and Old Norse snjófall.

It is formed from English supervise + -ory. Merriam-Webster instead forms it from Medieval Latin supervīsus, the past participle of supervideō (“to supervise”), and the English suffix. Supervise…

It is borrowed from French carton (“pasteboard, cardboard”), from Italian cartone (“pasteboard”), an augmentative of carta (“paper”), from Latin charta (“paper made from papyrus”). Etymonline traces…

It is formed from English cleave + -age, from the verb meaning to split.

It is formed from English gravitation + -al. Gravitation is from New Latin gravitātiō, a noun of action from gravitō (“to gravitate”), which was formed from Latin gravitās (“heaviness, weight”)…

It is formed from English liberal + -ism, perhaps after liberalist; compare French libéralisme, also recorded from 1816. Liberal is from Old French liberal (“befitting free people; noble, generous”)…

It is formed from English manipulate + -ive, or, in the Shorter Oxford's analysis, from manipulate with -ative. Manipulate is probably a back-formation from manipulation, which is from French…

It is formed from English Pluto + -ium, with the connective -n- of Plutonian; Barnhart and Merriam-Webster call it New Latin. The dwarf planet Pluto is named after the god, Latin Plūtō, from Ancient…

Most dictionaries take it as borrowed from French sanitaire, formed from Latin sānitās (“health”), from sānus (“healthy, sane”), with the French suffix -aire. The OED, revised in 2025, analyses it…

It is from Latin abnormis (“deviating from a rule; belonging to no school”) with the suffix -al, the Latin adjective being formed from ab- (“off, away from”) and norma (“carpenter's square, rule”)…

It is borrowed from French caféine, formed from café (“coffee”) and the chemical suffix -ine. Collins and Merriam-Webster instead take it from German Kaffein, from Kaffee (“coffee”); the American…

It is formed from English cyclic + -al, although the OED and Merriam-Webster take the base to be Latin cyclicus (or, for Merriam-Webster, French cyclique) with the English suffix. The adjective…

It is borrowed from Latin duplex (“twofold, double”), formed from duo (“two”) and the element -plex (“-fold”). The second part is explained in different ways: the OED, the SOED and the ODE connect…

It is borrowed from French dynamique, a word introduced by the German philosopher Leibniz in 1691, from New Latin dynamicus or German dynamisch, both from Ancient Greek δυναμικός (dunamikós…

It is formed from English intense + -ify, apparently coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The OED analyses it as Latin intēnsus (“intense”) with the suffix, corresponding to a Latin type *intensificō…

It is borrowed from French morphine, formed from Morphée, the French form of the name of Morpheus, and the suffix -ine, after German Morphium. The OED records the French word in 1817 and Morphin in…

Most dictionaries take it as borrowed from French nicotine, formed with the suffix -ine from New Latin nicotiana (“the tobacco plant”), with a change of suffix from the earlier nicotiane. The OED…

It is formed from English optimum + -ize, or directly from Latin optimus (“best”) with the suffix; optimum is the neuter singular of the Latin adjective, used as the superlative of bonus (“good”)…

It is borrowed from French pianiste, which Etymonline and Merriam-Webster derive from Italian pianista. The OED instead takes it as formed from English piano + -ist, probably after the French word…

It is partly a back-formation from pseudonymous (1706), partly borrowed from French pseudonyme, from Ancient Greek ψευδώνυμον (pseudṓnumon), neuter of ψευδώνυμος (pseudṓnumos, “falsely named, under…

It is formed from English scum + bag, with scum in its American slang sense "semen". Green's Dictionary of Slang notes that bag may also echo an older slang use of that word. Collins suggests that…

It was coined in 1817 by the British chemist Thomas Thomson, in his System of Chemistry, from silica, from which it was isolated, with the ending of carbon and boron. The NODE describes it as an…

It is borrowed from French technique (“formal details of artistic expression”), a noun use of the adjective technique “of art, technical”, from a Latinized form of Ancient Greek τεχνικός (tekhnikós…

It is borrowed from French ultra, short for ultra-royaliste (“extreme royalist”), from Latin ultrā (“beyond”) (see ultra-), which Barnhart relates to Old Latin olle, that one.

It is formed from English visual + -ize. Visual is from Late Latin vīsuālis (“of sight”), from Latin vīsus (“sight”), the past participle of videō (“to see”). The French visualiser, recorded from…

It is borrowed from French hospice, from Latin hospitium (“hospitality, entertainment; lodging, guest house, inn”), from hospes (“guest; host; stranger”). The French word, meaning "hospital…

The OED, in its 2017 revision, takes it as formed from English instrument + -ation, from the noun and, in later use, also from the verb, and compares the musical term Italian strumentazione…

It is the noun and adjective use of the verb phrase knock out, which is formed from English knock + out. In boxing, “to knock out” was to stun an opponent with a blow so that he could not rise…

It is formed from English lithia + -ium, with the ending of the names of chemical elements. lithia, the oxide of the metal, is from New Latin lithia, an alteration of lithion after soda and potassa…

It is borrowed from French mélodique, a word recorded in French from 1600, at first spelled melodic, from Late Latin melōdicus, from Ancient Greek μελῳδικός (melōidikós), from μελῳδία (melōidía, “a…

1. The woodworking tool is formed from English rout + -er, from the verb rout, to dig with the snout, to poke about, and in carpentry to gouge or scoop out. That verb, recorded from the mid-16th…

It is formed from English sewer + -age, the base being treated as if it ended in the agent suffix -er, which was replaced by the suffix. Barnhart allows that it may instead be formed from the noun…

It is borrowed from Hindi योग (yoga), from Sanskrit योग (yóga, “union, yoking”), from the root of युनक्ति (yunákti), he yokes, from PIE Proto-Indo-European *yeug- (“to join”), the source of yoke.

It is borrowed from French beige, earlier baige, from Old French bege (“of the natural colour of wool or cotton; raw, undyed”), which Etymonline dates to the 13th century; according to Gamillscheg…

It is borrowed from Latin bilinguis (“speaking two languages; two-tongued”) with the English suffix -al added. The Latin adjective is formed from bi- (“two”) and lingua (“tongue, language”)…

It is a compound, from English border + line.

It is borrowed from French de luxe (“of luxury”), formed from de (“of”) and luxe (“luxury”), from Latin luxus (“excess, abundance”), the source of luxury.

It is formed from English dominant + -ance, perhaps after French dominance, recorded in French by 1743. The OED compares an older Old French dominance of the 15th century. Dominant itself comes from…

It is formed from English down + -er. The OED derives the noun from the adverb, Etymonline calls it an agent noun from the verb, and the Shorter Oxford takes the drug and depression senses from the…

It is borrowed from Latin masturbātus, the past participle of masturbor (“to masturbate”), a verb found in Martial; Etymonline allows that it may also be a back-formation from masturbation. Compare…

The OED takes it as borrowed from French négligible, an obsolete French form recorded in 1834, from négliger (“to neglect”) with the suffix -ible. Barnhart and Etymonline instead take it as formed…

It is formed from English pop + corn, from the verb and the noun, and is explained as a contraction of popped corn. The OED notes that popped corn is recorded slightly earlier for the snack…

It is formed from English pubes + -ic, its first element standing for both that word and pubis. The first is from Latin pūbēs (“pubic hair, groin, private parts; the age of puberty”), which is…

It is borrowed from Italian studio (“room for study; study”), from Latin studium (“eagerness, application, study”), the source also of study.

It is borrowed from French taxonomie, a word first used by the botanist A. P. de Candolle in his “Théorie élémentaire de la botanique” (1813). It was coined irregularly from Ancient Greek τάξις…

It is borrowed from Hawaiian aloha (“love, compassion, affection; also a greeting”), cognate with Māori aroha, from which the Oxford Dictionary of English derives it instead. The OED notes that the…

It is formed from English electro- + magnetic, probably after French électro-magnétique (1781). In its first record, in 1820, it translates Danish electromagnetisk (1820). The OED notes that the…

It is formed from English fact + -ual, on the model of actual; Dictionary.com names effectual as a model too. fact is factum (“a deed, a thing done”), the neuter past participle of faciō (“to do”).

It was formed from English predict + -able. Predict is from Latin praedīcō (“to foretell”), from prae- (“before”) and dīcō (“to say”).

It is formed from English scoot + -er. The verb scoot, recorded from 1758 and perhaps nautical slang at first, is of uncertain origin; it may come from a Scandinavian source, compare Old Norse…

It is a compound from English sea + food. Early examples are spelled “sea food” or “sea-food”. The word is originally and chiefly American.

It is formed from English emotion + -al.