English words first recorded in the 19th century

It is the American spelling of analogue, borrowed from French analogue (“analogous; an analogous thing”), from Ancient Greek ἀνάλογον (análogon), the neuter of ἀνάλογος (análogos, “proportionate”)…

It is from New Latin calcium, coined in 1808 by the English chemist Humphry Davy, who first isolated the metal, from Latin calx (“lime, limestone”) (stem calc-) and the metal suffix -ium. The name…

It is formed from English dine + -er. The OED compares French dîneur (“a person who is eating”), recorded in 1609. The verb dine is from Old French disner (“to have the first meal of the day”), from…

It is borrowed from Spanish mestengo (“animal that strays”), a Mexican Spanish word, from older Spanish mesteño (“wild, stray, ownerless”), literally “belonging to the mesta”, from mesta…

It is borrowed from Latin opus (“work, labour, exertion; an artistic or literary work”), plural opera. The Latin noun, the source of Italian opera, French œuvre and Spanish obra, comes from…

It is formed from English periphery + -al, and Partridge compares French périphérique. The base noun came into Middle English from Medieval Latin periferia, later reinforced by French périphérie…

It is borrowed from Spanish pueblo (“village, small town; people”), which the American Heritage Dictionary describes as American Spanish. The Spanish noun, recorded in both senses from the end of…

It is from American Spanish rancho, a small farm, group of farm huts, from Spanish rancho, earlier a mess-room, a group of people who eat together, from ranchar, ranchear, to lodge or station, from…

Its origin is uncertain. The American Heritage Dictionary and Barnhart take it as probably formed on row, a noisy quarrel or commotion, and Klein, Collins, Dictionary.com and Merriam-Webster also…

It is formed from English summary + -ize. Summary is from Latin summārium (“an epitome, abstract”), from summa (“whole, totality, gist”).

It is formed from English through- + put, after input and, in its industrial sense, output. The OED takes the second element as the verb put and compares the phrasal verb put through, while the…

It is a compound from English bar + tender, bar in the sense of a counter where drinks are served and tender in the sense of a person who tends something. That tender is formed from tend and -er, or…

It is formed from English bull + pen, also spelled with a hyphen. Wilton notes that the combination had long been used literally for a place to keep bulls.

It is formed from English celebrate + -ory. The verb is from Latin celebrātus, the past participle of celebrō (“to frequent in great numbers; to honour with ceremonies”), from celeber (“frequented…

It is formed from English cook + book in American English, perhaps after a compound in another Germanic language: the OED compares Dutch kookboek (1560), German Kochbuch (16th century) and Swedish…

It is formed from English evolution + -ary. The OED compares French évolutionnaire, recorded in French from 1829.

It is borrowed from German Frau (“woman, wife”), from Middle High German vrouwe (“lady, mistress”), from Old High German frouwa (“mistress, lady”), recorded from the 9th century, from Proto-Germanic…

It is an English dialect word, hyke or heik, to walk vigorously or tramp, of unknown or uncertain origin. Merriam-Webster suggests it is perhaps akin to hitch. Etymonline notes a yike with the same…

It is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps borrowed from West Flemish hunke (“a hunk of bread or meat”), which the OED finds identical in form and sense in De Bo's West Flemish dictionary of 1892…

It is formed from productive and -ity, or from Late Latin productivus.

It is borrowed from French archaïque, recorded in French from 1776, or directly borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός (arkhaïkós, “old-fashioned”); the OED takes it from Greek and compares the…

It is formed from English bi- (“two”) + polar. The adjective polar comes from French polaire or directly from Medieval Latin polāris (“of the poles”), from Latin polus (“end of an axis”).

It is formed from English candidate + -acy, on the model of pairs such as magistrate and magistracy. Candidate is from Latin candidātus (“clothed in white; a candidate for office”), because…

It was coined in 1810 by the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy, formed from English chloro- + -ine from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green, greenish yellow”), with allusion to the colour of…

It is borrowed from French hectare, formed irregularly from Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “a hundred”) and are (“a square measure”), which is from Latin ārea (“a vacant piece of ground”). Klein…

It is formed from reliable and -ity.

It is formed from English un- + reliable, with the negative prefix. The OED notes that unreliability is recorded slightly earlier, from 1809, also in Coleridge. Reliable, first recorded in Scotland…

It is borrowed from French extradition, recorded in Voltaire in 1763 and apparently his coinage, formed from Latin ex- (“out”) and trāditiō (“a delivering up, handing over”), the noun of action of…

It is formed from English radiate + -or, an agent noun in Latin form. The verb radiate is from Latin radiō (“to beam, shine, gleam”), through its past participle radiātus, from radius (“beam of…

It is borrowed from French secrétariat, from Medieval Latin sēcrētāriātus (“the office of a secretary”), from sēcrētārius (“clerk, notary, confidential officer”), the source of secretary, with the…

It is a compound from English shore + line. The OED compares coastline for the main sense and shore-rope for the sense of a rope.

It is a noun of action from English synchronize, that is, from English synchronize + -ation. Synchronize (about 1624) is from a Latinized form of Ancient Greek συγχρονίζω (sunkhronízō, “to be of the…

It is formed from tour and -ism.

It was coined in 1812 by its discoverer, the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy, as an alteration of his earlier New Latin alumium (1808), from alumina, aluminium oxide, a name given by French…

It is formed from English champion + -ship.

It is formed from English chlorine + -ide, coined by Humphry Davy on the analogy of oxide. Merriam-Webster gives the source as German Chlorid. Chlorine, also named by Davy, is from Ancient Greek…

It is formed from English extra- + terrestrial, and is also written with a hyphen. The prefix represents Latin extrā (“on the outside, without”), and the adjective goes back to terrestris (“earthly…

It is formed from English localize + -ation, a noun of action to the verb. Localize is from English local + -ize, recorded from 1792 in Etymonline; for its senses "to confine to a part of the body"…

1. The verb meaning “to dwindle” is of unknown origin. Etymonline calls it colloquial and of uncertain origin, and the SOED compares the noun from the name Peter for some of its senses. Green…

It was coined in 1812 by the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy as an alteration of the earlier platina (1750), to match other metal names in -um such as tantalum, from Spanish platina (“platinum”), a…

It is formed from English polarize + -ation, and in its first, optical sense it follows borrowed from French polarisation, a term the French physicist Malus used in 1811. Polarize is from French…

It is shortened from back slum (“back alley or street inhabited by poor people”) (1825), originally a slang or cant word meaning “room”, especially “back room” (1812). Like most cant words it is of…

It is formed from English un- (“not”) + identified, the past participle of identify.

It is a compound of air and line, also written air-line.

It is borrowed from German Biologie, also used by Lamarck (French biologie) in 1802, from Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”) (see bio-) and -logy. Etymonline notes that Treviranus in German and…

It is a derivation, from English culture + -al, or formed from Latin cultūra (“tillage, cultivation; care”) and -al, from the past participle stem of colō (“to tend, till, cultivate”).

It is borrowed from French diplomate, a back-formation from diplomatique (“diplomatic”), on the model of aristocrate beside aristocratique. Klein derives it from the phrase agent diplomatique…

It is borrowed from Latin flammō (“to set on fire”) with the suffix -able. The Latin verb comes from flamma (“flame, blazing fire”), the source of flame, and the American Heritage Dictionary traces…

It is a variant, originally Scots, from English job (“to strike, pierce, thrust”). That verb is from Middle English jobben (“to jab, thrust, peck”), recorded before 1500 in the “Promptorium…

It is borrowed from New Latin Mammalia in an English form, first used in the plural. Mammalia is the name Linnaeus gave in 1758 to the class of animals that suckle their young, and is the neuter…

It is formed from English mammal + -ian, or, in the analysis of the OED and Merriam-Webster, from the scientific Latin class name Mammalia and the English suffix -an. Linnaeus coined the class name…

It is borrowed from French physique (“that which is physical”), the noun use of the French adjective of the same spelling, meaning "physical", from Latin physicus (“natural, physical”), from Ancient…

It is formed from risk and -y.

It is borrowed from Latin ante (“before”), the stake being put up before play or betting; Dictionary.com and the Shorter Oxford take it as an independent use of the prefix ante-. Barnhart and…

It is formed from English broadcast + -er. The adjective broadcast comes from broad and the past participle of cast, and first meant scattered widely, especially of seed sown by hand.

It is borrowed from Medieval Latin differentiō (“to distinguish”), whose past participle differentiātus it takes with -ate; the Medieval Latin verb is recorded from the 14th century in British and…

It is formed from English employ + -ee, on the model of French employé, the past participle of employer “to employ”, from Old French empleier, emploiier.

It is borrowed from French femme (“woman, wife”), from Old French feme, from Latin fēmina (“woman, female”), literally "she who suckles", from Proto-Indo-European *dhe(i)- (“to suck”). The word is…

It is formed from English grape + fruit. The name is usually explained by the way the fruit grows in clusters, like grapes; Barnhart and Etymonline give this only as a possibility, and Etymonline…

The English chemist Sir Humphry Davy named it in 1814; it is borrowed from French iode (“iodine”) with the chemical suffix -ine, to match chlorine and fluorine. The French name was given in 1812 by…