tut

Forms

tut m (feminine tutã or tute, masculine plural tuts, feminine plural tuti/tute)^[1]

• Cunia gives the adjective and pronoun tut (tú-tã, tútsĭ, tú-ti) and refers the adverb to it;^[2] he also sends tot to tut.^[3]
• Other spellings: Wiktionary lists tutu, tot and totu;^[1] Pascu gives tot (feminine toată, plural toţi, toate) beside tut (tută, tuţi, tute), with the genitive and dative a tutlui, a tutlei and a tut(u)lor;^[4] Dalametra writes tut (tot);^[5] Kavalliotis's word list has Τότου in Greek script.^[6]
• Regional forms: Weigand found the forms with u the usual ones, with the plural tuts and, under stress in the sentence, also tots;^[7] Capidan says tot, toată, totsi, toate are very common, above all in the northern varieties, and explains tut, tută, tutsi, tute by the change of unstressed o to u;^[8] Marković records tut in the Aromanian of Ohrid and Struga.^[9]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin tōtus (“whole, all”).^[10][4][1] Pascu derives it from tōtus and the form tottus, or from *tuttus, the source of Italian tutto;^[4] the spelling with double t was censured by the grammarian Consentius.^[11][12] Capidan explains the u of tut by the word's unstressed position in the phrase.^[8] The origin of the Latin word is unknown: de Vaan finds the proposed source in a participle meaning stuffed, and the other attempts, unconvincing.^[13]

The word is common to the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian tot, Megleno-Romanian tot (also tuăt in Liumnița and tut in Țârnareca) and Istro-Romanian tot.^{[12][14][15][16]} Further west there are French tout, Catalan tot, Spanish todo and Portuguese todo.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Kavalliotis's word list of 1770, where Τότου translates Modern Greek όλος (ólos, “whole”).^[6]

Semantic evolution

As an adjective and pronoun it means all, whole, entire;^[2][1][17] as an adverb, always, continually, as in Dalametra's tut ieă, tut ieă (always me).^[5][17] After a noun or a name it can stress identity: Papahagi quotes s’ dúce Cóla cu tut Kíta (Cola goes with Kita himself),^[18] and unu ş-tut means an only child.^[19][18] Weigand records ku tut atseä “although”.^[7]

Timeline

• 1770 – Τότου “whole” in Kavalliotis's word list.^[6]
• 1894 – tut “all, whole; always” in Weigand's glossary.^[7]
• 1905 – Tut “all; always” in P. Papahagi's glossary of folk tales.^[19]
• 1925 – Pascu derives it from Latin tōtus.^[4]

Meanings

Adjective

1. All, whole, entire.^[2][1][17]
2. (after a name) Himself, herself; the very one.^[18][20]

Pronoun

1. Everything; in the plural, everyone.^[2][5][21]

Adverb

1. Always, continually.^[17][5][7]

Related words

• Romanian tot

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 1052
3. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 1022
4. ^ a b c d Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 170
5. ^ a b c d Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 211
6. ^ a b c Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 90
7. ^ a b c d Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 335
8. ^ a b Capidan, Theodor (1932), Aromânii: dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic, București: Academia Română (Academia Română, Studii și cercetări XX), p. 276
9. ^ Марковиќ, Марјан (2007), Ароманскиот и македонскиот говор од охридско-струшкиот регион (во балкански контекст), Скопје, p. 74
10. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1042
11. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
12. ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
13. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
14. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română
15. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
16. ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S.
17. ^ a b c d Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 1208
18. ^ a b c Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1059
19. ^ a b Papahagi, Pericle (1905), Basme aromâne și glosar, București: Academia Română, p. 721
20. ^ Vrabie, Emil (2000), An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary, University, Mississippi: Romance Monographs, p. 377
21. ^ Vrabie, Emil (2000), An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary, University, Mississippi: Romance Monographs, p. 288