tora

Forms

tora^[1]

• Other spellings: TÓRA in Papahagi's dictionary;^[2] tóra in Mihăileanu's dictionary;^[3] Τώρα in the Greek script of Kavalliotis's word list, read tora by its editor.^[4]
• Regional forms: tură in Papahagi's tales from Molovište and Gopeș, as Pascu records it;^[5] Geagea notes foara as the form used in Nevisca.^[6]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Modern Greek τώρα (tóra, “now”).^[2][5][6][1] The Greek adverb appears in Medieval Greek;^[7] Babiniotis derives it, probably, from the phrase Ancient Greek τῇ ὥρᾳ (têi hṓrāi, “at this hour”), the dative of ὥρα (hṓra, “hour, season”), with the i elided before the stronger o, and finds a phrase with the article τό (tó), formed like τὸ νῦν (tò nûn), less likely.^[7] Pascu, after Foy, gives the same source.^[5] Ancient Greek ὥρα meant "season, year, time of day, hour";^[8] Beekes traces it to Proto-Indo-European *Hieh₁-r-, the source also of the Germanic words for "year", probably from the root *Hieh₁- (“to send”).^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Kavalliotis's Greek–Aromanian–Albanian word list of 1770 has Τώρα beside Greek τώρα "now".^[4]

Semantic evolution

The sense "now, at present" has not changed since the Greek source.^[2][9] Pascu and Papahagi record the phrase tora di tora "for the moment, for now",^[5][2] and Cunia tora di oarã with the same sense as tora; he lists torea, amu and acush as near-synonyms.^[9]

Timeline

• 1770 – Τώρα “now” in Kavalliotis's word list.^[4]
• 1794–1802 – used in Daniil of Moscopole's Tetraglosson, as Geagea notes.^[6]
• 1813 – recorded in Boiagi's grammar, as Pascu notes.^[5]
• 1894 – tora “now” in Weigand's glossary.^[10]
• 1932 – Geagea derives it from Greek τώρα.^[6]

Meanings

Adverb

1. now, at present.^{[2][11][12][1]}
2. (in tora di tora) For the moment, for now.^[5][2]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 1187
3. ^ Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 508
4. ^ a b c Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 117
5. ^ a b c d e f Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 2, 94
6. ^ a b c d Geagea, Christea (1932), Elementul grec în dialectul aromân, Cernăuți: Institutul de Arte Grafice și Editură Glasul Bucovinei (offprint from Codrul Cosminului VII, pp. 205–431), p. 414
7. ^ a b Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek], Athens: Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας
8. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ a b Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 1021
10. ^ Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 333
11. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net)
12. ^ Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 205